Compositions and methods for treating bone

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compositions, methods and kits for the treatment of bone particularly impaired or damaged bone.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/159,533, filed Jun. 23, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,473,678, issued Jan. 6, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/965,319, filed Oct. 14, 2004, now abandoned. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/771,826 filed Feb. 9, 2006, 60/817,988 filed Jun. 30, 2006 and 60/859,809 filed Nov. 17, 2006.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of bone, particularly impaired or damaged bone.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Musculoskeletal problems are pervasive throughout the population in all age groups and in both sexes. Half of Americans will need services for fractures at some point in their lifetime according to a widely published article presented at the 2003 annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). More than $10 billion per year is spent in the U.S. on hospital care associated with fracture treatment according to this report.

Bone health is an increasingly important issue as over 25 million people suffer from osteoporosis and 7 million more experience bone fractures annually in the United States. Osteoporosis and poor bone health contribute significantly to impaired bone structure leading to facile bone fracture and compromised bone repair. According to the Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, osteoporosis causes about 700,000 fractures of the vertebrae each year.

Many factors can contribute to poor bone health. Several factors are excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition. Moreover, aging and osteoporosis contribute to decreased bone mass and mineral density as well as decreased bone fracture healing rates. Potential contributory factors to decreased bone healing rates in osteoporotic individuals include a reduction in the maturation of osteoblast progenitor cells, reduction in proliferative osteoprogenitor cell activity, decrease in bone forming capacity of mature osteoblasts, reduced osteoblastic response to chemical signaling, and a negative imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption.

Healthy bone may be deleteriously affected by weakened bone or by compensatory mechanisms that affect the load on the healthy bone. A patient with an injury on one side of the body, for example a fractured hip or an impaired femur due to avascular necrosis or osteoarthritis, may favor the injured side and add load to the contralateral hip or femur. Within the vertebral column, a diseased vertebra may add stress to adjacent vertebrae above or below it, eventually causing damage to these vertebrae. What is needed is a method to strengthen these otherwise healthy bones that are subject to additional stress and potential damage in order to prevent or mitigate such damage.

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common osteoporotic fractures, occurring in about 20% of post-menopausal women (Eastell et al., J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6:207-215). It is estimated that 700,000 VCFs occur annually, and only 250,000 of these are diagnosed and treated. Because these fractures are left untreated, osteoporosis may remain untreated and progress rapidly. Post-menopausal women have a 5-fold increased risk of sustaining another vertebral fracture within the coming year and 2-fold increased risk of other fragility fractures, including hip fractures (Klotzbuecher et al., J Bone Miner Res, 2000; 15:721-739).

VCFs occur when there is a break in one or both of the vertebral body end plates, usually due to trauma, causing failure of the anterior column and weakening the vertebrae from supporting the body during activities of daily living. Vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis can cause debilitating back pain, spinal deformity, and height loss. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic vertebral fractures are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. With the number of aged people at risk for osteoporosis is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades, accurate identification of VCFs and treatment intervention is necessary to reduce the enormous potential impact of this disease on patients and health care systems.

Traditionally, VCFs caused by osteoporosis have been treated with bed rest, narcotic analgesics, braces, and physical therapy. Bed rest, however, leads to accelerated bone loss and physical deconditioning, further aggravating the patient as well as contributing to the problem of osteoporosis. Moreover, the use of narcotics can worsen the mood and mentation problem that may already be prevalent in the elderly. Additionally, brace wear is not well-tolerated by the elderly. Although the current treatments of osteoporosis such as hormone replacement, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogs deal with long-term issues, except for calcitonin, they provide no immediate benefit in terms of pain control once a fracture occurs (Kapuscinski et al., Master Med. Pol. 1996; 28:83-86).

Recently, minimally invasive treatments for vertebral body compression fractures, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, have been developed to address the issues of pain and fracture stabilization. Vertebroplasty is the filling of a fractured vertebral body with the goals of stabilizing the bone, preventing further collapse, and eliminating acute fracture pain. Vertebroplasty, however, does not attempt to restore vertebral height and/or sagittal alignment. In addition, because there is no void in the bone, vertebral filling is performed under less control with less viscous cement and, as a consequence, filler leaks are common.

Kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive surgical procedure with the goal of safety, improving vertebral height and stabilizing VCF. Guided by x-ray images, an inflatable bone tamp is inflated in the fractured vertebral body. This compacts the inner cancellous bone as it pushes the fractured cortices back toward their normal position. Fixation can then be done by filling the void with a biomaterial under volume control with a more viscous cement. Although kyphoplasty is considered a safe and effective treatment of vertebral compression fractures, biomechanical studies demonstrate that cement augmentation places additional stress on adjacent levels. In fact, this increased stiffness can decrease the ultimate load to failure of adjacent vertebrae by 8 to 30% and provoke subsequent fractures (Berlemann et al., J Bone Joint Surgery BR, 2002; 84:748-52). Compression fracture of one or more vertebral bodies subsequent to vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty is referred to herein as a “secondary vertebral compression fracture.”

In a recent clinical study, a higher rate of secondary vertebral compression fracture was observed after kyphoplasty compared with historical data for untreated fractures. Most of these occurred at an adjacent level within 2 months of the index procedure. After this two-month period, there were only occasional secondary vertebral compression fractures which occurred at remote levels. This study confirmed biomechanical studies showing that cement augmentation places additional stress on adjacent level. (Fribourg et al., Incidence of subsequent vertebral fracture after kyphoplasty, Spine, 2004; 20; 2270-76).

Given the increased incidence of the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures, and the predisposition of adjacent vertebrae to undergo secondary compression fracture, an unmet clinical need exists to prophylactically treat and prevent secondary VCFs.

Fractures of the distal radius are an important public-health problem and a major source of morbidity in the elderly. An estimated 1.4 million hand and forearm wrist fractures occur annually, and of these, nearly half (44%) are fractures of the ulna and radius. In the United States, 17% of all emergency room visits are due to wrist injuries [Hanel et al., Orthop. Clin. North Am. Jan. 33(1): 35-57 2002]. Distal radius fractures account for one sixth of all fractures seen in the emergency department (McMurtry et al., Fractures of the Distal Radius, 1992). Nearly one in four women will sustain a fracture of the distal radius by age 90, resulting in approximately 200,000 fractures annually in the United States with an estimated direct cost of nearly $150 million (Phillips et al., Bone 1988, 9:271-9, 1986). Further, because they occur most often in post-menopausal, osteoporotic women, these women have diminished bone density, which makes their fractures particularly troublesome to treat and susceptible to re-fracture.

Currently, there is no consensus on the preferred treatment of distal radius fractures. Typically, stable fractures receive closed reduction and immobilization in a plaster cast. Unstable distal radius fractures, however, may be treated with percutaneous pins incorporated in a plaster cast, metal external skeletal-fixation with or without pins and/or bone graft, limited open reduction with or without bone grafting, or extensive open reduction and internal fixation with or without pins and/or bone graft.

Recent reports have demonstrated the ability of volar fixed-angle plates to provide more stable internal fixation for surgical procedures that require open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and decrease subsequent morbidity in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures compared to other internal fixation techniques (Orbay et al., J. Hand. Surg. 29A, 96-102, 2004).

The surgical assessment to determine a treatment plan based on the various fracture morphologies can be complex. Treatment-based fracture classifications are often used to determine the optimal treatment and attempt to predict an outcome based on the fracture pattern. A clinically useful classification system should assist the surgeon to evaluate and describe the fracture pattern, help select a therapeutic modality to treat the fracture, and be prognostic of the clinical outcome. The universally accepted AO System is a detailed fracture classification organized in order of increasing severity for both the bony extra- and intra-articular involvements. Type A fractures are extra-articular fractures that do not invade the articulating surface(s); type B describes limited articular fractures; and type C involve complex articular fractures. Each type is further divided into three subgroups based on the morphological complexity, treatment difficulty, and clinical prognosis.

In some cases, distal radius fractures require bone graft to ensure adequate bone healing. One of the most widely used options for bone graft is autologous bone. There have been problems, however, associated with autograft, including disadvantages associated with autologous bone grafting. Most of these problems result from the harvest of the bone graft, including increased operative time, hospital stay, cost, increased blood loss, post-operative pain, risk of infection and/or fracture. Other complications associated with autograft include a potential nidus for infection associated with avascular bone, limited tissue supply, and variability in cellular activity of the bone graft (Younger et al., J. Orthop. Trauma, 3, 192-195, 1989). The morbidity associated with autograft demonstrates the need for a better alternative for a chemotacetic, mitogenic, and angiogenic bone graft substitute as an alternative for fracture augmentation.

In view of the significant health issues presented by poor bone health and bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, it would be desirable to provide compositions operable to facilitate bone fracture healing processes and promote healthy bone remodeling activities. It would additionally be desirable to provide methods of treating fractured or otherwise impaired bone with compositions operable to promote fracture healing and healthy bone remodeling processes. In view of the difficulties associated with autologous bone grafts, it would be desirable to provide alternative osteogenic regeneration systems. It would additionally be desirable to provide alternative osteogenic regeneration systems in bone fracture treatments, including fractures of bones such as the distal radius and associated anatomical structures of the wrist.

SUMMARY

In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, there are provided compositions and methods for the treatment of bone, including impaired bone such as fractured bone, diseased bone, weakened bone, and bone susceptible to increased load, such as increased compensatory load. These compositions and methods facilitate bone formation and strengthen bone.

The compositions of the present invention are used to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone, including fractured bone. Any bone may be treated with the compositions of the present invention, including but not limited to the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, ankle bones, wrist bones, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, sacrum and craniofacial bones. In specific embodiments, the radius, femur, tibia and one or more vertebrae are treated with the compositions and methods of the present invention.

In one aspect, a composition provided by the present invention for the treatment of bone comprises a solution comprising platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, or from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml. The concentration of PDGF within the solution may be within any of the concentration ranges stated above.

In embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF homodimers and heterodimers, including PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, PDGF-DD, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, PDGF comprises PDGF-BB. In another embodiment PDGF comprises a recombinant human (rh) PDGF such as recombinant human PDGF-BB (rhPDGF-BB).

In embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF fragments. In one embodiment rhPDGF-B comprises the following fragments: amino acid sequences 1-31, 1-32, 33-108, 33-109, and/or 1-108 of the entire B chain. The complete amino acid sequence (1-109) of the B chain of PDGF is provided in FIG. 15 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. It is to be understood that the rhPDGF compositions of the present invention may comprise a combination of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109) and fragments thereof. Other fragments of PDGF may be employed such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the rhPDGF-BB comprises at least 65% of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109).

A biocompatible matrix, according to some embodiments of the present invention, comprises a bone scaffolding material. In some embodiments, a bone scaffolding material comprises calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate, in one embodiment, comprises β-tricalcium phosphate.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition for the treatment of bone comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder. The PDGF solution may have a concentration of PDGF as described above. A bone scaffolding material, in some embodiments, comprises calcium phosphate. In one embodiment, a calcium phosphate comprises a β-tricalcium phosphate. In one aspect, biocompatible matrices may include calcium phosphate particles with or without biocompatible binders or bone allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM). In another aspect, biocompatible matrices may include bone allograft such as DFDBA or DBM.

Moreover, a biocompatible binder, according to some embodiments of the present invention, comprises proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, synthetic polymers, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, a biocompatible binder comprises collagen. In another embodiment, a biocompatible binder comprises collagen, such as bovine or human collagen.

The present invention additionally provides methods for producing compositions for the treatment of bone as well as methods for treating bone. In one embodiment, a method for producing a composition comprises providing a solution comprising PDGF, providing a biocompatible matrix, and disposing the solution in the biocompatible matrix.

In another embodiment, a method for treating impaired bone comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to impaired bone. In a further embodiment, a method for treating impaired bone comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, disposing the composition in a syringe, and injecting the composition at a site of impaired bone.

The present invention additionally provides methods for producing compositions for use in the treatment of fractures. In one embodiment, a method for producing a composition comprises providing a solution comprising PDGF, providing a biocompatible matrix, and disposing the solution in the biocompatible matrix.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a fracture comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to the fracture. In some embodiments, applying the composition comprises injecting the composition into the fracture. In one embodiment, injecting comprises percutaneous injection of the composition into the fracture site. In another embodiment, the composition is injected into an open or surgically exposed fracture. In a further embodiment, applying the composition comprises disposing the composition in the fracture with a spatula or other device.

In some embodiments, a method for treating a fracture further comprises reducing the fracture and/or stabilizing the fracture. Reducing the fracture, according to some embodiments, comprises open reduction. In other embodiments, reducing the fracture comprises closed reduction. Moreover, stabilizing a fracture, in some embodiments, comprises applying an external or internal fixation device to the fracture.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a fracture comprises accelerating new bone fill in the fracture, wherein accelerating comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to the fracture.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a solution comprising PDGF in a first container and a second container comprising a biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a predetermined concentration of PDGF. The concentration of PDGF can be predetermined according to the nature or classification of the fracture being treated. The kit may further comprise a bone scaffolding material and the bone scaffolding material may further comprise a biocompatible binder. Moreover, the amount of biocompatible matrix provided by a kit can be dependent on the nature or classification of the bone being treated. Biocompatible matrix that may be included in the kit may be a bone scaffolding material, a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, and/or bone allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM). In one embodiment the bone scaffolding material comprises a calcium phosphate, such as β-TCP. A syringe can facilitate disposition of the PDGF solution in the biocompatible matrix for application at a surgical site, such as a site of fracture in the bone. The kit may also contain instructions for use.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition for the treatment of bone comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder. The PDGF solution may have a concentration of PDGF as described above. A bone scaffolding material, in some embodiments, comprises calcium phosphate. In one embodiment, a calcium phosphate comprises a β-tricalcium phosphate. In one aspect, biocompatible matrices may include calcium phosphate particles with or without biocompatible binders or bone allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM). In another aspect, biocompatible matrices may include bone allograft such as DFDBA or DBM.

In some embodiments of the present invention, compositions for promoting bone formation in vertebral bodies and compositions for preventing or reducing the likelihood of vertebral compression fractures further comprise at least one contrast agent. Contrast agents, according to embodiments of the present invention, are substances operable to at least partially provide differentiation of two or more bodily tissues when imaged. Contrast agents, according to some embodiments, comprise cationic contrast agents, anionic contrast agents, nonionic contrast agents, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, contrast agents comprise radiopaque contrast agents. Radiopaque contrast agents, in some embodiments, comprise iodo-compounds including (S)—N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-lactamidoisophthalamide (Iopamidol) and derivatives thereof.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide compositions comprising PDGF useful in facilitating and, in some embodiments, accelerating healing of fractures.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition comprising PDGF disposed in a biocompatible matrix and methods of using such as composition as an alternative to autologous bone graft in the treatment of fractures.

Another object of the present invention to provide compositions comprising PDGF useful in strengthening bone.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide compositions comprising PDGF useful in strengthening weakened bone.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide compositions comprising PDGF useful in strengthening bone subjected to compensatory shifts in weight bearing.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide compositions comprising PDGF useful in strengthening bone weakened due to compensatory shifts in weight bearing, such as vertebrae adjacent to a damaged vertebra, or a femur contralateral to an injured femur or hip.

These and other embodiments of the present invention are described in greater detail in the detailed description which follows. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at an untreated site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat.

FIG. 2 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at a site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat treated with a bone scaffolding material.

FIG. 3 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at a site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat treated with a composition comprising a PDGF solution and a biocompatible matrix according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at a site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat treated with a composition comprising a PDGF solution and a biocompatible matrix according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 displays micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) images of treated and untreated sites of bone fracture in osteoporotic rats according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a syringe and related apparatus penetrating tissue overlaying a vertebral body to deliver a composition of the present invention to the vertebral body according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a radiograph illustrating injection of a composition into a vertebral body according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for the treatment of bone. Bone may be normal bone or impaired bone. Impaired bone, as used herein, comprises bone that is damaged, diseased, weakened, or otherwise functionally defective. Impaired bone, for example, can include fractured bone and low density bone resulting from any cause including but not limited to diseases such as osteoporosis, from use of corticosteroids or smoking. The present invention may also be employed for prophylacetic treatment of bone that may be deleteriously affected by factors that may add stress on the bone or otherwise compromise the bone.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a solution comprising PDGF and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a composition comprises a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder. In one aspect, biocompatible matrices may include calcium phosphate particles with or without biocompatible binders or bone allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM). In another aspect, biocompatible matrices may DFDBA or particulate demineralized bone matrix DBM.

The compositions of the present invention are used to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone, including fractured bone. Any bone may be treated with the compositions of the present invention, including but not limited to the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, ankle bones, wrist bones, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, sacrum and craniofacial bones. In specific embodiments, the radius, femur, tibia and vertebrae are treated with the compositions and methods of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compositions and methods for the treatment of fractures of the distal radius and related anatomical structures of the wrist. The present compositions and methods facilitate and, in some cases, accelerate the healing response in fractures of the distal radius, including bony union of the fracture site. In one embodiment, the compositions comprise a solution comprising PDGF and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, the compositions comprise a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder. In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions and methods for the treatment of fractures of tibia. In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions and methods for the treatment of fractures of the vertebrae or for the strengthening of vertebrae adjacent to a damaged vertebra. According to embodiments described herein, the present invention provides compositions for promoting bone formation in a vertebral body and compositions for preventing or decreasing the likelihood of vertebral compression fractures, including secondary vertebral compression fractures.

Turning now to components that can be included in various embodiments of the present invention, compositions of the present invention comprise a solution comprising PDGF.

PDGF Solutions

PDGF plays an important role in regulating cell growth and division. PDGF, as with other growth factors, is operable to bind with the extracellular domains of receptor tyrosine kinases. The binding of PDGF to these transmembrane proteins switches on the kinase activity of their catalytic domains located on the cytosolic side of the membrane. By phosphorylating tyrosine residues of target proteins, the kinases induce a variety of cellular processes that include cell growth and extracellular matrix production.

In one aspect, a composition provided by the present invention comprises a solution comprising platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, or from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml. PDGF may be present in the solution at any concentration within these stated ranges. In other embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution at any one of the following concentrations: about 0.05 mg/ml; about 0.1 mg/ml; about 0.15 mg/ml; about 0.2 mg/ml; about 0.25 mg/ml; about 0.3 mg/ml; about 0.35 mg/ml; about 0.4 mg/ml; about 0.45 mg/ml; about 0.5 mg/ml, about 0.55 mg/ml, about 0.6 mg/ml, about 0.65 mg/ml, about 0.7 mg/ml; about 0.75 mg/ml; about 0.8 mg/ml; about 0.85 mg/ml; about 0.9 mg/ml; about 0.95 mg/ml; or about 1.0 mg/ml. It is to be understood that these concentrations are simply examples of particular embodiments, and that the concentration of PDGF may be within any of the concentration ranges stated above.

Various amounts of PDGF may be used in the compositions of the present invention. Amounts of PDGF that could be used include amounts in the following ranges: about 1 ug to about 50 mg, about 10 ug to about 25 mg, about 100 ug to about 10 mg, and about 250 ug to about 5 mg.

The concentration of PDGF or other growth factors in embodiments of the present invention can be determined by using an enzyme-linked immunoassay as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,625, 5,747,273, and 5,290,708, or any other assay known in the art for determining PDGF concentration. When provided herein, the molar concentration of PDGF is determined based on the molecular weight of PDGF dimer (e.g., PDGF-BB; MW about 25 kDa).

In embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF homodimers and heterodimers, including PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, PDGF-DD, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, PDGF comprises PDGF-BB. In another embodiment PDGF comprises a recombinant human PDGF, such as rhPDGF-BB.

PDGF, in some embodiments, can be obtained from natural sources. In other embodiments, PDGF can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques. In other embodiments, PDGF or fragments thereof may be produced using peptide synthesis techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis. When obtained from natural sources, PDGF can be derived from biological fluids. Biological fluids, according to some embodiments, can comprise any treated or untreated fluid associated with living organisms including blood.

Biological fluids, in another embodiment, can also comprise blood components including platelet concentrate (PC), apheresed platelets, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma, serum, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and buffy coat (BC). Biological fluids, in a further embodiment, can comprise platelets separated from plasma and resuspended in a physiological fluid.

When produced by recombinant DNA techniques, a DNA sequence encoding a single monomer (e.g., PDGF B-chain or A-chain), in some embodiments, can be inserted into cultured prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for expression to subsequently produce the homodimer (e.g. PDGF-BB or PDGF-AA). In other embodiments, a PDGF heterodimer can be generated by inserting DNA sequences encoding for both monomeric units of the heterodimer into cultured prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and allowing the translated monomeric units to be processed by the cells to produce the heterodimer (e.g. PDGF-AB). Commercially available cGMP recombinant PDGF-BB can be obtained commercially from Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, Calif.). Research grade rhPDGF-BB can be obtained from multiple sources including R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.), BD Biosciences (San Jose, Calif.), and Chemicon, International (Temecula, Calif.).

In embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF fragments. In one embodiment rhPDGF-B comprises the following fragments: amino acid sequences 1-31, 1-32, 33-108, 33-109, and/or 1-108 of the entire B chain. The complete amino acid sequence (1-109) of the B chain of PDGF is provided in FIG. 15 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. It is to be understood that the rhPDGF compositions of the present invention may comprise a combination of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109) and fragments thereof. Other fragments of PDGF may be employed such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. In accordance with one embodiment, the rhPDGF-BB comprises at least 65% of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109). In accordance with other preferred embodiments, the rhPDGF-BB comprises at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109).

In some embodiments of the present invention, PDGF can be purified. Purified PDGF, as used herein, comprises compositions having greater than about 95% by weight PDGF prior to incorporation in solutions of the present invention. The solution may be any pharmaceutically acceptable solution. In other embodiments, the PDGF can be substantially purified. Substantially purified PDGF, as used herein, comprises compositions having about 5% to about 95% by weight PDGF prior to incorporation into solutions of the present invention. In one embodiment, substantially purified PDGF comprises compositions having about 65% to about 95% by weight PDGF prior to incorporation into solutions of the present invention. In other embodiments, substantially purified PDGF comprises compositions having about 70% to about 95%, about 75% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%, about 85% to about 95%, or about 90% to about 95%, by weight PDGF, prior to incorporation into solutions of the present invention. Purified PDGF and substantially purified PDGF may be incorporated into scaffolds and binders.

In a further embodiment, PDGF can be partially purified. Partially purified PDGF, as used herein, comprises compositions having PDGF in the context of platelet rich plasma (PRP), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), or any other blood product that requires collection and separation to produce PDGF. Embodiments of the present invention contemplate that any of the PDGF isoforms provided herein, including homodimers and heterodimers, can be purified or partially purified. Compositions of the present invention containing PDGF mixtures may contain PDGF isoforms or PDGF fragments in partially purified proportions. Partially purified and purified PDGF, in some embodiments, can be prepared as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/159,533 (Publication No: 20060084602).

In some embodiments, solutions comprising PDGF are formed by solubilizing PDGF in one or more buffers. Buffers suitable for use in PDGF solutions of the present invention can comprise, but are not limited to, carbonates, phosphates (e.g. phosphate buffered saline), histidine, acetates (e.g. sodium acetate), acidic buffers such as acetic acid and HCl, and organic buffers such as lysine, Tris buffers (e.g. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminoethane), N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS). Buffers can be selected based on biocompatibility with PDGF and the buffer's ability to impede undesirable protein modification. Buffers can additionally be selected based on compatibility with host tissues. In a preferred embodiment, sodium acetate buffer is used. The buffers may be employed at different molarities, for example about 0.1 mM to about 100 mM, about 1 mM to about 50 mM, about 5 mM to about 40 mM, about 10 mM to about 30 mM, or about 15 mM to about 25 mM, or any molarity within these ranges. In one embodiment, an acetate buffer is employed at a molarity of about 20 mM.

In another embodiment, solutions comprising PDGF are formed by solubilizing lyophilized PDGF in water, wherein prior to solubilization the PDGF is lyophilized from an appropriate buffer.

Solutions comprising PDGF, according to embodiments of the present invention, can have a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 8.0. In one embodiment, a solution comprising PDGF has a pH ranging from about 5.0 to about 8.0, more preferably about 5.5 to about 7.0, most preferably about 5.5 to about 6.5, or any value within these ranges. The pH of solutions comprising PDGF, in some embodiments, can be compatible with the prolonged stability and efficacy of PDGF or any other desired biologically active agent. PDGF is generally more stable in an acidic environment. Therefore, in accordance with one embodiment the present invention comprises an acidic storage formulation of a PDGF solution. In accordance with this embodiment, the PDGF solution preferably has a pH from about 3.0 to about 7.0, and more preferably from about 4.0 to about 6.5. The biological activity of PDGF, however, can be optimized in a solution having a neutral pH range. Therefore, in a further embodiment, the present invention comprises a neutral pH formulation of a PDGF solution. In accordance with this embodiment, the PDGF solution preferably has a pH from about 5.0 to about 8.0, more preferably about 5.5 to about 7.0, most preferably about 5.5 to about 6.5. In accordance with a method of the present invention, an acidic PDGF solution is reformulated to a neutral pH composition, wherein such composition is then used to treat fractures of the distal radius and related anatomical structures of the wrist to promote bone growth. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the PDGF utilized in the solutions is rhPDGF-BB.

In some embodiments, the pH of the PDGF containing solution may altered to optimize the binding kinetics of PDGF to a matrix substrate or linker. If desired, as the pH of the material equilibrates to adjacent material, the bound PDGF may become labile.

The pH of solutions comprising PDGF, in some embodiments, can be controlled by the buffers recited herein. Various proteins demonstrate different pH ranges in which they are stable. Protein stabilities are primarily reflected by isoelectric points and charges on the proteins. The pH range can affect the conformational structure of a protein and the susceptibility of a protein to proteolytic degradation, hydrolysis, oxidation, and other processes that can result in modification to the structure and/or biological activity of the protein.

In some embodiments, solutions comprising PDGF can further comprise additional components such as other biologically active agents. In other embodiments, solutions comprising PDGF can further comprise cell culture media, other stabilizing proteins such as albumin, antibacterial agents, protease inhibitors [e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), aprotinin, ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA), etc.] and/or other growth factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), epidermal growth factors (EGFs), transforming growth factors (TGFs), keratinocyte growth factors (KGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), or other PDGFs including compositions of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC and/or PDGF-DD.

In addition to solutions comprising PDGF, compositions of the present invention also comprise a biocompatible matrix in which to dispose the PDGF solutions and may also comprise a biocompatible binder either with or without a biocompatible matrix.

Biocompatible Matrix

Scaffolding Material

A biocompatible matrix, according to embodiments of the present invention, comprises a scaffolding material. The scaffolding material, according to embodiments of the present invention, provides the framework or scaffold for new tissue and/or bone growth to occur. A scaffolding material, in some embodiments, comprises at least one calcium phosphate. In other embodiments, a scaffolding material can comprise a plurality of calcium phosphates. Calcium phosphates suitable for use as a scaffolding material, in embodiments of the present invention, have a calcium to phosphorus atomic ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0. In some embodiments the biocompatible matrix comprises an allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM).

Non-limiting examples of calcium phosphates suitable for use as scaffolding materials comprise amorphous calcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (OHAp), poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), heptacalcium decaphosphate, calcium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, carbonated calcium phosphate, and calcium pyrophosphate.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises porous structure. Porous scaffolding materials, according to some embodiments, can comprise pores having diameters ranging from about 1 μm to about 1 mm. In one embodiment, a scaffolding material comprises macropores having diameters ranging from about 100 μm to about 1 mm. In another embodiment, a scaffolding material comprises mesopores having diameters ranging from about 10 μm to about 100 μm. In a further embodiment, a scaffolding material comprises micropores having diameters less than about 10 μm. Embodiments of the present invention contemplate scaffolding materials comprising macropores, mesopores, and micropores or any combination thereof.

A porous scaffolding material, in one embodiment, has a porosity greater than about 25%. In another embodiment, a porous scaffolding material has a porosity greater than about 50%. In a further embodiment, a porous scaffolding material has a porosity greater than about 90%.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises a plurality of particles. A scaffolding material, for example, can comprise a plurality of calcium phosphate particles. Scaffolding particles, in one embodiment, have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 mm. In other embodiments, particles have an average diameter ranging from about 250 μm to about 750 μm. Scaffolding particles, in another embodiment, have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 400 μm. In a further embodiment, the particles have an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. In additional embodiments, scaffolding particles have an average diameter less than about 1 μm and, in some cases, greater than about 1 mm.

Scaffolding materials, according to some embodiments, can be provided in a shape suitable for implantation (e.g., a sphere, a cylinder, or a block). In other embodiments, scaffolding materials are moldable, extrudable and/or injectable. Moldable bone scaffolding materials can facilitate efficient placement of compositions of the present invention in and around target sites in bone. In some embodiments, moldable scaffolding materials are applied to bone with a spatula or equivalent device. In some embodiments, scaffolding materials are flowable. Flowable scaffolding materials, in some embodiments, can be applied to bone fractures through a syringe and needle or cannula. In some embodiments, the flowable scaffolding materials can be applied to the bone percutaneously. In other embodiments, flowable scaffolding materials can be applied to a surgically exposed bone fracture.

In some embodiments, scaffolding materials are bioresorbable. A scaffolding material, in one embodiment, can be resorbed within one year of in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a scaffolding material can be resorbed within 1, 3, 6, or 9 months of in vivo implantation. Bioresorbability will be dependent on: (1) the nature of the matrix material (i.e., its chemical make up, physical structure and size); (2) the location within the body in which the matrix is placed; (3) the amount of matrix material that is used; (4) the metabolic state of the patient (diabetic/non-diabetic, osteoporotic, smoker, old age, steroid use, etc.); (5) the extent and/or type of injury treated; and (6) the use of other materials in addition to the matrix such as other bone anabolic, catabolic and anti-catabolic factors.

Scaffolding Comprising β-Tricalcium Phosphate

A scaffolding material for use as a biocompatible matrix, in some embodiments, comprises β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). β-TCP, according to some embodiments, can comprise a porous structure having multidirectional and interconnected pores of varying diameters. In some embodiments, β-TCP comprises a plurality of pockets and non-interconnected pores of various diameters in addition to the interconnected pores. The porous structure of β-TCP, in one embodiment, comprises macropores having diameters ranging from about 100 μm to about 1 mm, mesopores having diameters ranging from about 10 μm to about 100 μm, and micropores having diameters less than about 10 μm. Macropores and micropores of the β-TCP can facilitate tissue in-growth including osteoinduction and osteoconduction while macropores, mesopores and micropores can permit fluid communication and nutrient transport to support tissue and bone regrowth, throughout the β-TCP biocompatible matrix.

In comprising a porous structure, β-TCP, in some embodiments, can have a porosity greater than 25%. In other embodiments, β-TCP can have a porosity greater than 50%. In a further embodiment, β-TCP can have a porosity greater than 90%.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises β-TCP particles. β-TCP particles, in one embodiment have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 mm. In other embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 250 μm to about 750 μm. In another embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 400 μm. In a further embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. In additional embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter of sizes less than about 25 μm and, in some cases, sizes less than 1 μm.

A biocompatible matrix comprising a β-TCP scaffolding material, in some embodiments, is provided in a shape suitable for implantation (e.g., a sphere, a cylinder, or a block). In other embodiments, a β-TCP scaffolding material is moldable, extrudable, and/or flowable thereby facilitating application of the matrix to sites of fracture in the distal radius. Flowable matrices may be applied through syringes, tubes, or spatulas.

A β-TCP scaffolding material, according to some embodiments, is bioresorbable. In one embodiment, a β-TCP scaffolding material can be at least 75% resorbed one year subsequent to in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a β-TCP scaffolding material can be greater than 90% resorbed one year subsequent to in vivo implantation.

Scaffolding Material and Biocompatible Binder

In another embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprises a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder.

Biocompatible binders, according to some embodiments, can comprise materials operable to promote cohesion between combined substances. A biocompatible binder, for example, can promote adhesion between particles of a scaffolding material in the formation of a biocompatible matrix. In certain embodiments, the same material may serve as both a scaffolding material and a binder if such material acts to promote cohesion between the combined substances and provides a framework for new tissue growth to occur, including bone growth.

Biocompatible binders, in some embodiments, can comprise collagen, elastin, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, polypeptides, poly(α-hydroxy acids), poly(lactones), poly(amino acids), poly(anhydrides), polyurethanes, poly(orthoesters), poly(anhydride-co-imides), poly(orthocarbonates), poly(α-hydroxy alkanoates), poly(dioxanones), poly(phosphoesters), polylacetic acid, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), polyglycolic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(δ-valerolactone), poly(γ-butyrolactone), poly(caprolactone), polyacrylic acid, polycarboxylic acid, poly(allylamine hydrochloride), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(ethyleneimine), polypropylene fumarate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, carbon fibers, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethyloxazoline), poly(ethylene oxide)-co-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate)polyamide, and copolymers and mixtures thereof.

Biocompatible binders, in other embodiments, can comprise alginic acid, arabic gum, guar gum, xantham gum, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, chitosan acetate, chitosan lactate, chondroitin sulfate, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan, a dextran (e.g., α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, or sodium dextran sulfate), fibrin glue, lecithin, phosphatidylcholine derivatives, glycerol, hyaluronic acid, sodium hyaluronate, a cellulose (e.g., methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or hydroxyethyl cellulose), a glucosamine, a proteoglycan, a starch (e.g., hydroxyethyl starch or starch soluble), lacetic acid, pluronic acids, sodium glycerophosphate, glycogen, a keratin, silk, and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible binder is water-soluble. A water-soluble binder can dissolve from the biocompatible matrix shortly after its implantation, thereby introducing macroporosity into the biocompatible matrix. Macroporosity, as discussed herein, can increase the osteoconductivity of the implant material by enhancing the access and, consequently, the remodeling activity of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts at the implant site.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible binder can be present in a biocompatible matrix in an amount ranging from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the matrix. In other embodiments, a biocompatible binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 40 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a biocompatible binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 15 weight percent to about 35 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In a further embodiment, a biocompatible binder can be present in an amount of about 20 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix.

A biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, according to some embodiments, can be flowable, moldable, and/or extrudable. In such embodiments, a biocompatible matrix can be in the form of a paste or putty. A biocompatible matrix in the form of a paste or putty, in one embodiment, can comprise particles of a scaffolding material adhered to one another by a biocompatible binder.

A biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form can be molded into the desired implant shape or can be molded to the contours of the implantation site. In one embodiment, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form can be injected into an implantation site with a syringe or cannula.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form does not harden and retains a flowable and moldable form subsequent to implantation. In other embodiments, a paste or putty can harden subsequent to implantation, thereby reducing matrix flowability and moldability.

A biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, in some embodiments, can also be provided in a predetermined shape including a block, sphere, or cylinder or any desired shape, for example a shape defined by a mold or a site of application.

A biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, in some embodiments, is bioresorbable. A biocompatible matrix, in such embodiments, can be resorbed within one year of in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder can be resorbed within 1, 3, 6, or 9 months of in vivo implantation. Bioresorbability will be dependent on: (1) the nature of the matrix material (i.e., its chemical make up, physical structure and size); (2) the location within the body in which the matrix is placed; (3) the amount of matrix material that is used; (4) the metabolic state of the patient (diabetic/non-diabetic, osteoporotic, smoker, old age, steroid use, etc.); (5) the extent and/or type of injury treated; and (6) the use of other materials in addition to the matrix such as other bone anabolic, catabolic and anti-catabolic factors.

Biocompatible Matrix Comprising β-TCP and Collagen

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix can comprise a β-TCP scaffolding material and a biocompatible collagen binder. β-TCP scaffolding materials suitable for combination with a collagen binder are consistent with those provided hereinabove.

A collagen binder, in some embodiments, comprises any type of collagen, including Type I, Type II, and Type III collagens. In one embodiment, a collagen binder comprises a mixture of collagens, such as a mixture of Type I and Type II collagen. In other embodiments, a collagen binder is soluble under physiological conditions. Other types of collagen present in bone or musculoskeletal tissues may be employed. Recombinant, synthetic and naturally occurring forms of collagen may be used in the present invention.

A biocompatible matrix, according to some embodiments, can comprise a plurality of β-TCP particles adhered to one another with a collagen binder. In one embodiment, β-TCP particles suitable for combination with a collagen binder have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 mm. In another embodiment, β-TCP particles suitable for combination with a collagen binder have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 1 mm. In other embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 200 μm to about 3 mm or about 200 μm to about 1 mm, or about 1 mm to about 2 mm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 250 μm to about 750 μm. β-TCP particles, in other embodiments, have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 400 μm. In a further embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. In additional embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter less than about 25 μm and, in some cases, less than about 1 mm.

β-TCP particles, in some embodiments, can be adhered to one another by the collagen binder so as to produce a biocompatible matrix having a porous structure. In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can comprise pores having diameters ranging from about 1 μm to about 1 mm. A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can comprise macropores having diameters ranging from about 100 μm to about 1 mm, mesopores having diameters ranging from about 10 μm to 100 μm, and micropores having diameters less than about 10 μm.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can have a porosity greater than about 25%. In another embodiment, the biocompatible matrix can have a porosity greater than about 50%. In a further embodiment, the biocompatible matrix can have a porosity greater than about 90%.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles, in some embodiments, can comprise a collagen binder in an amount ranging from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the matrix. In other embodiments, a collagen binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 40 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a collagen binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 15 weight percent to about 35 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In a further embodiment, a collagen binder can be present in an amount of about 20 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder, according to some embodiments, can be flowable, moldable, and/or extrudable. In such embodiments, the biocompatible matrix can be in the form of a paste or putty. A paste or putty can be molded into the desired implant shape or can be molded to the contours of the implantation site. In one embodiment, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be injected into an implantation site with a syringe or cannula.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can retain a flowable and moldable form when implanted. In other embodiments, the paste or putty can harden subsequent to implantation, thereby reducing matrix flowability and moldability.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder, in some embodiments, can be provided in a predetermined shape such as a block, sphere, or cylinder.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be resorbable. In one embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be at least 75% resorbed one year subsequent to in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be greater than 90% resorbed one year subsequent to in vivo implantation.

In some embodiments, a solution comprising PDGF can be disposed in a biocompatible matrix to produce a composition for treating bone fractures, such as fractures of the distal radius and related anatomical structures of the wrist, or fractures of the tibia.

Disposing a PDGF Solution in a Biocompatible Matrix

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for producing compositions for use in the treatment of distal radius fractures. In one embodiment, a method for producing such compositions comprises providing a solution comprising PDGF, providing a biocompatible matrix, and disposing the solution in the biocompatible matrix. PDGF solutions and biocompatible matrices suitable for combination are consistent with those described hereinabove.

In some embodiments, a PDGF solution can be disposed in a biocompatible matrix by soaking the biocompatible matrix in the PDGF solution. A PDGF solution, in another embodiment, can be disposed in a biocompatible matrix by injecting the biocompatible matrix with the PDGF solution. In some embodiments, injecting a PDGF solution can comprise disposing the PDGF solution in a syringe and expelling the PDGF solution into the biocompatible matrix to saturate the biocompatible matrix.

The biocompatible matrix, according to some embodiments, can be in a predetermined shape, such as a brick or cylinder, prior to receiving a PDGF solution. Subsequent to receiving a PDGF solution, the biocompatible matrix can have a paste or putty form that is flowable, extrudable, and/or injectable. In other embodiments, the biocompatible matrix can demonstrate a flowable paste or putty form prior to receiving a solution comprising PDGF.

Compositions Further Comprising Contrast Agents

In some embodiments, compositions comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix for treating bone or promoting bone formation, for example in a vertebral body, further comprise at least one contrast agent. Contrast agents, according to some embodiments, comprise cationic contrast agents, anionic contrast agents, nonionic contrast agents or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, contrast agents comprise radiopaque contrast agents. Radiopaque contrast agents, in some embodiments, comprise iodo-compounds including (S)—N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-lactamidoisophthalamide (Iopamidol) and derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, methods of producing compositions for promoting bone formation in vertebral bodies and preventing or decreasing the likelihood of compression fractures in vertebral bodies further comprise providing at least one contrast agent and disposing the at least one contrast agent in the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, disposing at least one contrast agent in a biocompatible matrix comprises combining the at least one contrast agent with a PDGF solution and injecting the biocompatible matrix with the PDGF/contrast agent solution.

In another embodiment, disposing at least one contrast agent in a biocompatible matrix comprises combining the at least one contrast agent with a PDGF solution and soaking the biocompatible matrix in the PDGF/contrast agent solution. Alternatively, in some embodiments, a contrast agent is disposed in a biocompatible matrix independent of the PDGF solution.

Contrast agents, according to some embodiments of the present invention, facilitate placement or application of compositions of the present invention in and around vertebral bodies. Contrast agents, according to some embodiments, comprise cationic contrast agents, anionic contrast agents, nonionic contrast agents, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, contrast agents comprise radiopaque contrast agents. Radiopaque contrast agents, in some embodiments, comprise iodo-compounds including (S)—N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-lactamidoisophthalamide (Iopamidol) and derivatives thereof.

Compositions Further Comprising Biologically Active Agents

Compositions of the present invention, according to some embodiments, can further comprise one or more biologically active agents in addition to PDGF. Biologically active agents that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention, in addition to PDGF, can comprise organic molecules, inorganic materials, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids (e.g., genes, gene fragments, small-insert ribonucleic acids [si-RNAs] gene regulatory sequences, nuclear transcriptional factors, and antisense molecules), nucleoproteins, polysaccharides (e.g., heparin), glycoproteins, and lipoproteins. Non-limiting examples of biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention, including, e.g., anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, enzyme inhibitors, antihistamines, hormones, muscle relaxants, prostaglandins, trophic factors, osteoinductive proteins, growth factors, and vaccines, are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/159,533 (Publication No: 20060084602). Preferred biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention include osteoinductive factors such as insulin-like growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, or other PDGFs. In accordance with other embodiments, biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention preferably include osteoinductive and osteostimulatory factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), BMP mimetics, calcitonin, or calcitonin mimetics, statins, statin derivatives, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, growth-differentiating factors, and parathyroid hormone. Preferred factors also include protease inhibitors, as well as osteoporotic treatments that decrease bone resorption including bisphosphonates, and antibodies to NF-kB ligand (RANK) ligand.

Standard protocols and regimens for delivery of additional biologically active agents are known in the art. Additional biologically active agents can introduced into compositions of the present invention in amounts that allow delivery of an appropriate dosage of the agent to the implant site. In most cases, dosages are determined using guidelines known to practitioners and applicable to the particular agent in question. The amount of an additional biologically active agent to be included in a composition of the present invention can depend on such variables as the type and extent of the condition, the overall health status of the particular patient, the formulation of the biologically active agent, release kinetics, and the bioresorbability of the biocompatible matrix. Standard clinical trials may be used to optimize the dose and dosing frequency for any particular additional biologically active agent.

A composition of the present invention, according to some embodiments, can further comprise the addition of additional grafting materials with PDGF including autologous bone marrow, autologous platelet extracts, allografts, synthetic bone matrix materials, xenografts, and derivatives thereof.

Methods of Treating Bone

The present invention also provides methods of treating bone, including impaired bone. In one embodiment, a method for treating bone comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to bone. In some embodiments, applying the composition to impaired bone can comprise molding the composition to the contours of the impaired bone. A composition, for example, can be molded into a bone fracture site thereby filling the volume created by the fracture.

A method for treating bone, in another embodiment, comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, disposing the composition in a syringe, and injecting the composition at a site of impaired bone. In one embodiment, a composition comprising PDGF disposed in a biocompatible matrix can be injected into the volume created by a bone fracture. Injecting the composition, in some embodiments, can comprise penetrating tissue surrounding or covering a site of impaired bone with the syringe and depositing the composition at the site of impaired bone. In one embodiment, for example, a syringe can penetrate the skin and underlying tissue, such as muscle, covering a bone fracture site and subsequently deposit a composition of the present invention in and around the fracture. In such an embodiment, invasive techniques used to expose the fracture site for treatment, such as incisions and tissue removal, can be minimized. In another embodiment, a vertebral body may be injected with a composition comprising PDGF disposed in a biocompatible matrix, for example in an individual with osteoporosis.

The PDGF compositions of the present invention are used to facilitate healing of bone, including bone fractures. Any bone may be treated with the compositions of the present invention, including but not limited to the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, ankle bones, wrist bones, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, sacrum and craniofacial bones.

In one embodiment, the PDGF compositions of the present invention may be applied directly to fractured bone. In another embodiment, the PDGF compositions of the present invention may be applied to hardware used to facilitate fracture stabilization, for example, intramedullary nails, screws and other hardware used by a physician of ordinary skill in the art, such as an orthopedic surgeon. In another embodiment, the PDGF compositions may be applied to openings in bone, such as sites of evulsion fractures, holes for screws, holes to receive intramedullary nails, or to the medullary canal.

PDGF solutions and biocompatible matrices suitable for use in compositions for the treatment of impaired bone according to embodiments of the present invention are consistent with those provided hereinabove.

Methods of Treating Fractures of the Distal Radius

The present invention provides compositions and methods for the treatment of fractures of bones, including the radius, particularly the distal radius and associated anatomical structures of the wrist. The present compositions and methods facilitate and, in some embodiments, accelerate the healing response in fractures of the distal radius, including bony union of the fracture site. Fractures of the distal radius, according to embodiments of the present invention, comprise all fracture types, including intra-articular and extra-articular fractures, as described by the AO classification system of distal radius fractures.

In one embodiment, distal radius fractures treated with compositions and methods of the present invention comprise all types of fractures as described by the AO classification of distal radius fractures. In some embodiments, a distal radius fracture comprises a Type A fracture (extra-articular). In other embodiments, a distal radius fracture comprises a Type B fracture (partial articular). In another embodiment, a distal radius fracture comprises a Type C1 fracture (complete articular, simple articular and metaphyseal fracture). In a further embodiment, a distal radius fracture comprises a Type C2 fracture (complete articular, simple articular with complex metaphyseal fracture). In some embodiments, a distal radius fracture comprises a Type C3 fracture (complete articular, complex articular and metaphyseal fracture).

In another embodiment, a method for treating a fracture of the distal radius comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to a fracture in the distal radius. In some embodiments, applying the composition comprises injecting the composition into the fracture of the distal radius. In one embodiment, injecting comprises percutaneous injection of the composition into the fracture site. In another embodiment, the composition is injected into an open or surgically exposed fracture of the distal radius. In a further embodiment, applying comprises disposing the composition in the fracture with a spatula or other device. In one embodiment, contrast agents are optionally combined with the compositions of the present invention in order to facilitate visualization of the applied or injected composition.

In some embodiments, a method for treating a fracture of the distal radius further comprises reducing the fracture and/or stabilizing the fracture. Reducing the fracture, according to some embodiments, comprises open reduction. In other embodiments, reducing the fracture comprises closed reduction. Moreover, stabilizing the distal radius fracture, in some embodiments, comprises applying an external or internal fixation device to the fracture, such as a volar plate.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a fracture of the distal radius comprises accelerating new bone fill in the fracture, wherein accelerating comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to the fracture.

In some embodiments, methods for treating fractures of the distal radius and associated anatomical structures of the wrist further comprise providing at least one pharmaceutical composition in addition to the composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and administering the at least one pharmaceutical composition locally and/or systemically. The at least one pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, comprises vitamins, such as vitamin D₃, calcium supplements, or any osteoclast inhibitor known to one of skill in the art, including bisphosphonates. In some embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered locally. In such embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition can be incorporated into the biocompatible matrix or otherwise disposed in and around a fracture of the distal radius. In other embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered systemically to a patient. In one embodiment, for example, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered orally to a patient. In another embodiment, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously to a patient.

Methods of Treating Vertebral Bodies

The present invention provides compositions and methods useful for treating structures of the vertebral column, including vertebral bodies. In some embodiments of the present invention compositions are provided for promoting bone formation in a vertebral body. In other embodiments, compositions and methods are provided for preventing or decreasing the likelihood of vertebral compression fractures. In another embodiment, methods and compositions are provided for preventing or decreasing the likelihood of secondary vertebral compression fractures associated with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. The present compositions and methods are useful in treating vertebral bodies of patients with osteoporosis.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for promoting bone formation in a vertebral body comprising providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to at least one vertebral body. Applying the composition to at least one vertebral body, in some embodiments, comprises injecting the composition into the at least one vertebral body. In some embodiments, the composition can be applied to a plurality of vertebral bodies. Applying the composition, in some embodiments, comprises injecting at least one vertebral body with the composition. Compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments, are injected into the cancellous bone of a vertebral body. Vertebral bodies, in some embodiments, comprise thoracic vertebral bodies, lumbar vertebral bodies, or combinations thereof. Vertebral bodies, in some embodiments, comprise cervical vertebral bodies, coccygeal vertebral bodies, the sacrum, or combinations thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods comprising preventing or decreasing the likelihood of vertebral compression fractures, including secondary vertebral compression fractures. Preventing or decreasing the likelihood of vertebral compression fractures, according to embodiments of the present invention comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to at least one vertebral body. In some embodiments, applying the composition to at least one vertebral body comprises injecting the composition into the at least one vertebral body. In one embodiment, the composition is applied to a second vertebral body, in some instances an adjacent vertebral body, subsequent to a vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty of a first vertebral body. In some embodiments, a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix is applied to at least one high risk vertebral body. “High risk vertebral bodies” (HVB), as used herein, refer to vertebral bodies of vertebrae T5 through T12 as well as L1 through L4, which are at the greatest risk of undergoing secondary vertebral compression fracture.

In some embodiments, methods for promoting bone formation in vertebral bodies and preventing or decreasing the likelihood of compression fractures of vertebral bodies further comprise providing at least one pharmaceutical composition in addition to the composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and administering the at least one pharmaceutical composition locally and/or systemically. The at least one pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, comprises vitamins, calcium supplements, or any osteoclast inhibitor known to one of skill in the art, including bisphosphonates. In some embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered locally. In such embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition can be incorporated into the biocompatible matrix or otherwise disposed in and around a vertebral body. In other embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered systemically to a patient. In one embodiment, for example, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered orally to a patient. In another embodiment, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously to a patient.

In some embodiments, a composition of the present invention is applied to a second vertebral body subsequent to vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty of a first vertebral body. In some embodiments, the second vertebral body is adjacent to the first vertebral body. In other embodiments, the second vertebral body is not adjacent to the first vertebral body. In a further embodiment, a composition of the present invention is applied to a third vertebral body subsequent to vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty of a first vertebral body. In some embodiments, the third vertebral body is adjacent to the first vertebral body. In other embodiments, the third vertebral body is not adjacent to the first vertebral body. Embodiments of the present invention additionally contemplate application of compositions provided herein to a plurality of vertebral bodies, including high risk vertebral bodies, subsequent to vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty of a first vertebral body. It is to be understood that first, second, and third vertebral bodies, as used herein, do not refer to any specific position in the vertebral column as methods for inhibiting vertebral compression fractures, including secondary compression fractures, can be applied to all types of vertebral bodies including thoracic vertebral bodies, lumbar vertebral bodies, cervical vertebral bodies, coccygeal vertebral bodies, and the sacrum.

In some embodiments, methods for promoting bone formation in vertebral bodies and preventing or decreasing the likelihood of compression fractures of vertebral bodies further comprise providing at least one pharmaceutical composition in addition to the composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and administering the at least one pharmaceutical composition locally and/or systemically. The at least one pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, comprises vitamins, such as vitamin D₃, calcium supplements, or any osteoclast inhibitor known to one of skill in the art, including bisphosphonates. In some embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered locally. In such embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition can be incorporated into the biocompatible matrix or otherwise disposed in and around a vertebral body. In other embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered systemically to a patient. In one embodiment, for example, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered orally to a patient. In another embodiment, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously to a patient.

Kits

In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a solution comprising PDGF in a first container and a second container comprising a biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a predetermined concentration of PDGF. The concentration of PDGF can be predetermined according to the nature or classification of the fracture being treated. The kit may further comprise a bone scaffolding material and the bone scaffolding material may further comprise a biocompatible binder. Moreover, the amount of biocompatible matrix provided by a kit can be dependent on the nature or classification of the bone being treated. Biocompatible matrix that may be included in the kit may be a bone scaffolding material, a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, and/or bone allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM). In one embodiment the bone scaffolding material comprises a calcium phosphate, such as β-TCP. A syringe can facilitate disposition of the PDGF solution in the biocompatible matrix for application at a surgical site, such as a site of fracture in the bone. The kit may also contain instructions for use.

The following examples will serve to further illustrate the present invention without, at the same time, however, constituting any limitation thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had to various embodiments, modifications and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of a Composition Comprising a Solution of PDGF and a Biocompatible Matrix

A composition comprising a solution of PDGF and a biocompatible matrix was prepared according to the following procedure.

A pre-weighed block of biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP and collagen was obtained. The β-TCP comprised pure β-TCP particles having sizes ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. The β-TCP particles were formulated with approximately 20% weight percent soluble bovine collagen binder. A B-TCP/collagen biocompatible matrix can be commercially obtained from Kensey Nash (Exton, Pa.).

A solution comprising rhPDGF-BB was obtained. rhPDGF-BB is commercially available from Chiron Corporation at a stock concentration of 10 mg/ml (i.e., Lot # QA2217) in a sodium acetate buffer. The rhPDGF-BB is produced in a yeast expression system by Chiron Corporation and is derived from the same production facility as the rhPDGF-BB that is utilized in the products REGRANEX, (J&J) and GEM 21S (BioMimetic Therapeutics) which has been approved for human use by the United States Food and Drug Administration. This rhPDGF-BB is also approved for human use in the European Union and Canada. The rhPDGF-BB solution was diluted to 0.3 mg/ml in the acetate buffer. The rhPDGF-BB solution can be diluted to any desired concentration according to embodiments of the present invention.

A ratio of about 91 μl of rhPDGF-BB solution to about 100 mg dry weight of the β-TCP/collagen biocompatible matrix was used to produce the composition. The rhPDGF-BB solution was expelled on the biocompatible matrix with a syringe, and the resulting composition was blended and molded into a thin strand for insertion into a 1 cc tuberculin syringe for placement at a site of impaired bone.

EXAMPLE 2 Bone Fracture Healing with Compositions Comprising a Solution of PDGF and a Biocompatible Matrix

In order to evaluate the efficacy of various compositions to treat and enhance impaired bone repair, a study was conducted using osteoporotic rats. The model used for the present study was designed to mimic bone fracture repair in postmenopausal women who are estrogen deficient and prone to osteoporotic fractures.

The present study was conducted at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Bone Tissue Engineering Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. The study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh IACUC per Approval No. 0106070, and the surgical studies were administered under the guidance of the Division of Laboratory Animal Resources (AAALAC approved) at the University of Pittsburgh.

Eighty (80) 1-2-year old female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing at least 200 g each were used in the study. The rats were obtained from Harlan (Indianapolis, Ind.). The rats were ovariectomized (surgical removal of the ovaries) at Hilltop Lab Animals, Inc. (Scottsdale, Pa.) to make the rats estrogen deficient.

For the ovariectomy, the animals were anesthetized with isofluorane, then shaved and prepared with alcohol in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions. A longitudinal, midline incision was made in the skin of the lower lumbar region, and a transverse muscle incision was made on both the right and left sides of the body wall directly over the ovarian fat, which was externalized through either incision. The uterine horn and the blood vessels leading to the ovaries were isolated by tying a suture around them. They, along with any attached fat were cut away, and the remainders of the uterine horn returned to the cavity.

The ovariectomized rats were housed at Hilltop Laboratories in individual stainless steel cages for up to 4 months for stabilization after ovariectomy. The rats were additionally put on a 30% reduced caloric diet to ensure osteopenia over the 4 month course of recovery. The ovariectomized rats were transferred to Carnegie Mellon University and remained on the restricted diet for approximately 25 weeks prior to an osteotomy procedure.

Subsequent to ovariectomy and diet, the rats were subjected to an osteotomy procedure to simulate a bone fracture. Using a semi-aseptic procedure, each rat was prepped on an operating room table with heating pad and draped. 75 mg/kg Ketaject ketamine and 5 mg/kg Xylaject xylazine (Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Inc., St. Joseph, Mo.) were injected IM as anesthesia. The soft-tissue overlying the tibiae and knee joint was sharply dissected. With the leg in extension, the patella ligament was lateralized, then under flexion, an access hole in the proximal metaphysis into the medullary canal was prepared using a surgical drill and physiological saline irrigation. A 0.7 mm Kirschner wire (K-wire) was cut to the appropriate length to be sized to the tibiae. K-wire was obtained from K-Medic (Northvale, N.J.) Lot # K11262 and used to mimic the use of an IM Rod in treating fracture human tibia.

Next, a transverse osteotomy was prepared in the upper 3rd of right tibial diaphysis with a reciprocating saw (cuff −0.2 mm). Under semi-aseptic conditions (e.g., thorough alcohol wipes of operating area), a reduction of the transverse fracture was achieved using the K-wire which was inserted through the access hole to the distal portion of the tibia.

The rats were divided into four test groups for bone fracture healing evaluation as follows:

Fracture alone (Untreated)—rats in this group received no treatment, and the fracture produced by the osteotomy was allowed to heal naturally.

Fracture+matrix (Control)—rats in this group received treatment with a composition of β-TCP/collagen matrix and a sodium acetate buffer. The composition was prepared in accordance with that provided in Example 1 with the sodium acetate buffer serving as a substitute for the PDGF solution.

Fracture+matrix (Low Conc.)—rats in this group received treatment with a composition of β-TCP/collagen matrix and rhPDGF-BB solution. The composition was prepared in accordance with that provided in Example 1, and the concentration of rhPDGF-BB in the solution was 0.3 mg/ml.

Fracture+matrix (High Conc.)—rats in this group received treatment with a composition of β-TCP/collagen matrix and rhPDGF-BB solution. The composition was prepared in accordance with that provided in Example 1, and the concentration of rhPDGF-BB in the solution was 1.0 m/ml.

For the three test groups that received the β-TCP matrix +/− the PDGF solution, 18 mm length×2 mm width of the matrix material was placed around the transverse osteotomy. For the “untreated” group, no matrix was applied to the surgical site. Following treatment, soft tissues were closed in layers with resorbable 4-0 vicryl sutures using a CE4 cutting needle. Unprotected weight-bearing was allowed, and the animals resumed normal activity after the surgeries.

Of the 80 animals in the experiment, 6 animals were excluded from the data analysis, 2 due to fracture complications resulting from inappropriate K-wire placement, 2 due to technical problems with biomechanical testing, and 2 due to death post-surgery. The two deaths appeared to result from the aggressive surgical procedure and the effects of the anesthesia. No deaths associated with any treatment occurred in the study.

The animals were monitored daily for any adverse reactions to the implanted material including: edema, redness, and weight loss. Evaluation was made for signs of distress and pain include lethargy, bristled appearance, whimpering, wincing, failure to thrive (decreased overall activity or decreased feeding), and/or overexcited generalized activity. There were no significant differences between the four treatment groups for weight gain or loss.

Each of the four test groups as defined above were divided into temporal periods of 3 weeks and 5 weeks. Rats in each of the test groups were assigned to a 3 week period or a 5 week period. The 3 and 5 week periods correspond to the time lapse between osteotomy/treatment and harvesting of tissue to evaluate bone healing.

At the time of sacrifice, either 3 or 5 weeks post surgery, the rats from the four test groups, were euthanized using CO₂. The tibiae, including contralateral uninjured tibiae, were harvested, K-wires were delicately removed, and radiographs of the fractures performed. Tibiae that were selected at random for Micro-CT analysis were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The specimens that were collected for Micro-CT analysis were processed following CT analysis for histology. The remainder of the harvested tibiae (fractured and unfractured) were wrapped in saline-soaked gauze and stored at −20° C. until torsional biomechanical analysis was conducted. Table 1 summarizes the experimental set-up provided above.

TABLE 1 Summary of Experimental Treatments Treatments R, B MC/H 3 weeks Untreated Fracture 8 2 Vehicle + buffer 8 2 PDGF 0.3 mg/ml 8 2 PDGF 1.0 mg/ml 8 TOTAL + extra 40 5 weeks Untreated Fracture 8 2 Vehicle + buffer 8 2 PDGF 0.3 mg/ml 8 2 PDGF 1.0 mg/ml 8 2 TOTAL + extra 40 R = Radiographs, B = Biomechanical testing MC = Micro-CT analysis, H = Histology analysis

Radiography: Radiographs were taken using a Faxitron (Model # 43855C, Wheeling, Ill.) at settings of 28 kilovolts, 0.3 milliamps, shelf 8, for 9 seconds. By placing the specimens on the same shelf number in the exposure chamber, a constant distance between the X-ray source and film (specimen) was obtained. The film used was Kodak X-Omat AR(XAR)-5 Film (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.).

Micro-CT: Of the 10 animals in each study group, 2 were pre-designated for micro-CT analysis. The specimens were scanned on a pCT 40 (Scanco Medical, Zurich, Switzerland) scanner. A field of vision of 12.3 mm and 1024×1024 matrix size were used resulting in an isotropic voxel resolution of 12 μm. Images were collected from approximately 28 mm of the tibia (from the epiphysis to the tibio-fibula junction). The resulting scan time was approximately 6 hours/specimen. The 16-bit gray scale images were binarized, using an appropriate threshold value(s), for 3D display and visualization.

Torsional Biomechanical Testing: Of the 10 animals in each study group, 8 were pre-designated to be evaluated for biomechanical testing. The mechanical properties of the healing fractured tibiae were measured by a destructive torsional testing procedure using a SmartTest testing machine. The fractured bones, and contralateral unfractured bones, were removed from −20° C. and thawed at room temperature for 12 hours. The bones were moistened with saline prior to loading onto the jig. All bones were oriented alike in the testing machine. The distal and proximal epiphyses of the tibia were marked with a line to denote placement in the jig. Only the diaphysis of the tibia was visible once in the jig. Before and during testing procedures, the tibiae were kept moist with saline.

External rotational displacement was applied at a rate of 0.25 degrees per second until failure Torque and displacement data were recorded on an IBM-compatible computer using the WinTest software (Version 2.56, BOSE-Enduratec Systems Group, Minnetonka, Minn.). The torsional stiffness, and ultimate torque and degree of angulation were calculated. Ultimate torque and stiffness describe the mechanical behavior of the fractured and intact bones.

Histology: Of the 10 animals in each study group, 2 were pre-designated for histological assessment. These were the same two animals within each test group that were evaluated by micro-CT analysis. The protocol as described in Table 2 was used for processing the fractured bones for histology evaluation. The tissues were processed through increasing concentrations of ethanol (EtOH), infused with methylmethacrylate (MMA) and embedded using techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The embedded blocks were sectioned, mounted and stained. The embedded blocks were trimmed, and thin sections taken along the long dimension of the fractured bone. The sections were mounted onto glass slides and stained with Goldner's trichrome. Photomicrographs were taken at various powers to aid in histological analysis.

Radiographical Analysis: Radiographs were taken to confirm the location of the fractures and the reproducibility of injury between groups. Due to the presence of the β-TCP present at the fracture site, the radiographs were found to be of limited value for analyzing fracture healing.

Histological Analysis: Representative photomicrographs of fracture sites are provided for the 5 week time point for each of the four treatment groups. FIG. 1 displays photomicrographs of an untreated bone fracture site in an osteoporotic rat (Untreated). As shown in the micrographs, bone healing in the untreated site was not apparent across the osteotomy. The fracture site is identified by red bars. As a consequence of remodeling and minimal callus formation and healing, osteotomy widths across the cortices were unequal. There was a loose array of fibrous tissue admixed with granulation tissue elements and a mild inflammatory infiltrate as shown in FIGS. 1( a) and (d). Fracture margins in FIGS. 1( b)-(e) had minimal to no callus formation. There was, however, occasional evidence of a chondrogenic response at osteotomy margins as displayed in FIGS. 1( c) and (d).

FIG. 2 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at a site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat treated with β-TCP/collagen matrix and buffer (control). Bone healing and callus formation were scanty across and contiguous to the osteotomy. The fracture (osteotomy) margins were aligned and little periosteal callus was observed and appeared mostly on one cortex. As shown in FIGS. 2( a)-(c), the bridged callus had a small gap that may have occurred during histological sectioning. There was evidence of hemorrhage without callus formation as displayed in FIG. 2( d). The marrow was replaced by fibrous tissue that was moderately to markedly infiltrated by inflammatory cells.

FIG. 3 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at a site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat treated with a composition comprising a PDGF solution (0.3 mg/ml) and β-TCP/collagen matrix (Low conc.). As shown in the micrographs, there was both woven and lamellar bone formation across the fracture (osteotomy). Also present was callus bridging both cortices and joining across the medullary canal indicating active bone healing and remodeling as evidenced by FIGS. 3( a), (c), and (d). Minimal loose fibrous-like connective tissue and inflammation was present in the medullary canal and along the intramedullary (IM) insertion rod. There was neither ectopic bone formation outside the periosteal envelope (curved arrows) nor inappropriate dense connective tissue fibrosis in the treatment area.

FIG. 4 displays photomicrographs of healing processes at a site of bone fracture in an osteoporotic rat treated with a composition comprising a PDGF solution (1.0 mg/ml) and β-TCP/collagen matrix (High conc.). New bone and remodeling was confined and localized to the fracture healing site, with lamellar bone formation. The fracture (osteotomy) margins were well aligned. FIGS. 4( a) and (c) display moderate to marked callus at the cortical margins with complete bridging in the lower cortex. There was slight loose connective tissue fibrosis in the medullary canal with minimal inflammatory infiltration. Consistent with the observations at the low concentration of PDGF, there was neither evidence of ectopic bone formation outside the periosteal envelope (curved arrows) nor undesired dense connective tissue fibrosis in the treatment area.

Micro-CT Analysis: Micro-CT (computer tomography) analysis was conducted on each of the four treatment groups at both the 3 and 5 week time points. Representative examples of the Micro-CT analysis for each of the four treatment groups at 5 weeks following injury are presented in FIG. 5. The results of the analysis demonstrated that there was evidence of the β-TCP particles remaining around the fracture sites at both the 3 and 5 week time points, though the amount present at 5 weeks was decreased from the 3 week time point. At neither of the two time points was there evidence of ectopic calcification in soft tissues. Overall, the microCT appearance of the healing fractures treated with the low and high concentrations of PDGF revealed that the process of bone fracture healing was normal and confined to the fracture site.

Biomechanical Testing Analysis: Biomechanical testing was conducted to measure fracture site strength for the four study groups, at both the 3 and 5 week time points. Both the fractured and contralateral unfractured legs were harvested from each animal with both legs evaluated for biomechanical strength in a torsion analysis. Torsion analysis was conducted using a SmartTest Servo Pneumatic Axial Torsional System, BOSE-EnduraTEC Systems Group, Minnetonka, Minn. with WinTest Software, Version 2.56.

Analysis of the contralateral unfractured leg allowed for direct comparison of the leg strength between the fracture and unfractured legs, as well as the establishment of a ratio of the torsion strength between the fractured and unfractured leg. The use of a ratio of leg strength within each animal allowed each animal to act as its own control in the data analysis, minimizing any differences that may have been present between animals such as age, size or effect of the ovariectomy procedure.

A summary of the biomechanical testing results for the torsion leg strength for the fractured leg and unfractured contralateral leg for the four treatment groups at the two time points is presented in Table 2. Statistical assessment of the data presented in Table 2 is presented in Tables 6-8. A summary of the torsion strength as a ratio of the fractured to unfractured leg within each animal is presented for the two time points in Tables 3 and 4.

TABLE 2 Comparison of Biomechanical Strength Testing Temporal Dose Torque at Failure (Nm) Group PDGF Fractured Unfractured (weeks) Treatment (mg/mL) Leg Leg 3 Fracture alone 0 0.0565 0.1215 (Untreated) Fracture + matrix 0 0.0505 0.1176 (Control) Fracture + matrix/low 0.3 0.0395 0.1026 dose PDGF (Low Conc.) Fracture + matrix/high 1.0 0.0475 0.1207 dose PDGF (High Conc.) 5 Fracture alone 0 0.0555 0.1152 (Untreated) Fracture + matrix 0 0.0652 0.1048 (Control) Fracture +matrix/low 0.3 0.0862 0.1117 dose PDGF (Low Conc.) Fracture + matrix/high 1.0 0.0854 0.1153 dose PDGF (High Conc.)

TABLE 3 Summary of Biomechanical Testing for all 4 Study Groups at 3 Weeks Strength ratio Frx alone Frx + matrix Frx + Low Frx + High N 6 8 8 7 Mean* 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.38 Median* 0.41 0.52 0.30 0.47 Standard 0.32 0.31 0.23 0.27 Deviation Min-Max 0.22-1.08 0-0.81 0.18-0.81 0-0.64 *The data is presented as the ratio of the torsion strength of the fractured leg to the contralateral unfractured leg. The ratio was calculated for each animal individually then pooled to obtain a mean value. A ratio of 1.0 would indicate that the fractured leg has equal torsional strength to the unfractured leg.

TABLE 4 Summary of Biomechanical Testing for all 4 Study Groups at 5 Weeks Strength ratio Frx alone Frx + matrix Frx + Low Frx + High N 7 8 7 7 Mean* 0.49 0.66 0.79 0.74 Median* 0.44 0.58 0.83 0.93 Standard 0.38 0.42 0.37 0.38 Deviation Min-Max 0-1.19 0-1.45 0.20-1.19 0-1.06 *The data is presented as the ratio of the torsion strength of the fractured leg to the contralateral unfractured leg. The ratio was calculated for each animal individually then pooled to obtain a mean value. A ratio of 1.0 would indicate that the fractured leg has equal torsional strength to the unfractured leg.

Assessment of the effect of time on the ratio of the torsion strength of the fractured leg to the unfractured leg was measured, with the results presented in Table 5. Table 5 demonstrates that for the untreated group there was no significant difference in the ratio observed between the 3 and 5 week time points. Similarly, for the β-TCP matrix treated animals (Control Group) there was no significant difference in the torsion strength ratio between the 3 and 5 week time points.

TABLE 5 Assessment of Time Effect for the Four Treatment Groups Treatment Week 3 Week 5 One-Tailed Group Mean Ratio Mean Ratio P-Value* Untreated 0.51 0.49 0.4560 Control 0.45 0.66 0.1381 Low Concentration 0.38 0.79 0.0106 High Concentration 0.38 0.74 0.0296 *P-Value results from a two-sample t-test comparing mean ratio of strength measurement between the fractured and non-fractured leg for each treatment group between the 3 and 5 week time points.

In contrast, for animals treated with the β-TCP combined with either the low or high concentrations of rhPDGF-BB, there was a statistically significant increase in the ratio of the torsion strength at the 5 week time point as compared to the 3 week time point (Table 5). When the low and high concentration rhPDGF-BB treated animals were pooled, the time effect becomes even more significant with the ratio of torsion strength doubling from a value of 0.38 to 0.77, providing a highly significant p value, 0.0010. This data demonstrates that treatment with rhPDGF-BB led to a time dependent increase in the strength of the fracture site as compared to the two control groups evaluated in the study.

The data was further analyzed to evaluate direct torsion strength measurements between the fracture leg and the uninjured contralateral leg within each group and at both the 3 and 5 week time points. The data for the 3 week time points, presented in Table 6, demonstrates that for all four test groups, the biomechanical torsion strength measurement is statistically different between the fractured leg and the contralateral unfractured leg. Analysis of the 5 week time points (Table 7) showed that for the untreated group and the β-TCP matrix group, there was also a significant difference in the strength of the fractured and unfractured legs, similar to what was observed at the 3 week time point. In contrast, sufficient fracture repair had taken place for both the “low” and “high” rhPDGF-BB concentration groups, such that there was no longer a statistical difference in the strength of the fractured and unfractured legs.

TABLE 6 Comparing Injured Leg to Uninjured Leg at 3 Weeks for the Four Treatment Groups. Treatment Injured Leg Uninjured Leg Two-Tailed Group Mean Strength Mean Strength Value* Untreated 0.06 0.12 0.0333 Control 0.05 0.12 0.0035 PDGF (Low Conc.) 0.04 0.10 0.0003 PDGF (High Conc.) 0.05 0.12 0.0010 *P-Value results from a paired t-test comparing the mean strength values (Torque at Failure (Nm)) between the injured leg and the uninjured leg for each of the four treatment groups at the 3 week time point.

TABLE 7 Comparing Injured Leg to Uninjured Leg at 5 Weeks for the Four Treatment Groups. Treatment Injured Leg Uninjured Leg Two-Tailed Group Mean Strength Mean Strength P-Value* Untreated 0.05 0.11 0.0179 Control 0.06 0.10 0.0378 PDGF (Low Conc.) 0.09 0.11 0.1649 PDGF (High Conc.) 0.08 0.11 0.1117 *P-Value results from a paired West comparing the mean strength values (Torque at Failure (Nm)) between the injured leg and the uninjured leg for each of the four treatment groups at the 5 week time point.

To evaluate a dose effect between the “low” and “high” rhPDGF-BB concentrations, the difference between the injured leg strength and the uninjured leg strength was determined for each PDGF test group for the 5 week time point. The data, presented in Table 8, demonstrates that there was no significant difference between the two groups, showing that there was no significant concentration effect between the “low” and “high” dosing regimes.

TABLE 8 Comparing PDGF Treatment Groups at 5 Weeks Frx + Low Frx + High Two-Tailed Mean Difference Mean Difference P-Value* −0.028 −0.026 0.9166 Note: Analysis endpoint is difference between injured leg strength (Torque at Failure (Nm)) and uninjured leg strength. The difference was calculated for each individual animal within a test group, and then the mean value obtained, as presented in the table. *P-Value results from a two-sample t-test.

As demonstrated by the results of the study, a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a β-TCP/collagen matrix can enhance bone fracture repair. At the 5 week time point, the fractured legs of osteoporotic rats of the untreated and control groups as compared to the contralateral unfractured legs for each animal, were significantly weaker than the fractured legs of osteoporotic rats from the high and low concentration rhPDGF-BB groups as compared to the contralateral unfractured legs for each animal. Moreover, disposing “high” and “low” concentrations of PDGF solutions in a β-TCP/collagen matrix produced an increase in the ratio of strength of the fractured to unfractured contralateral legs at the 5 week time point as compared to the 3 week time point, thereby demonstrating a time dependent healing effect. In contrast, there was no observed increase in fracture strength between 3 and 5 week time points for the untreated and control groups. Additionally, the 0.3 mg/ml dose of rhPDGF-BB was at least as effective as the 1.0 mg/ml does of rhPDGF-BB when disposed in a β-TCP/collagen matrix for enhancing bone repair.

The biomechanical results of the study demonstrate that treatment with locally delivered PDGF results in a statistically significant time dependent increase in torsional strength at the fracture site to which the implant composition is applied. These findings are in contrast to the results obtained for two different control groups of animals to which the PDGF composition was not administered and in which no increase in fracture site strength was observed. These results demonstrate the efficacy of PDGF to enhance fracture repair in a relevant animal model, and confirm the benefit of using PDGF for stimulating fracture repair in a clinical setting.

The histologic and radiographic results also reveal that the administration of PDGF to treat impaired bone produces no untoward bone remodeling, no generation of ectopic bone formation, and no abnormal fibrotic response.

EXAMPLE 3 Healing of Long Bone Fractures

The PDGF compositions of the present invention are used to facilitate healing of long bone fractures and also in fractures of the ankle and hindfoot. Long bones to be treated include but are not limited to the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia and fibula. While this example described the femur, it is to be understood that other long bones may be treated in a similar manner.

Some fractures of the femur are stabilized using insertion of intramedullary nails using techniques known to one of skill in the art of orthopedic surgery. The PDGF compositions of the present invention may be applied to the medullary canal before or during placement of the intramedullary nail. These PDGF compositions may be applied through a tube inserted into the medullary canal, and if the canal must be reamed to properly accept the intramedullary nail, the composition may be applied after reaming is complete and before insertion of the nail.

Alternatively, the intramedullary nail may be coated with the PDGF compositions of the present invention and then inserted into the canal. Alternatively, the PDGF compositions are applied to the holes drilled in bone to receive the screw.

The PDGF compositions of the present invention may also be applied to screws that traverse cortical bone near the femoral head and also to screws that traverse cortical bone at the distal femur to facilitate bone formation at these sites. Hardware such as nails and screws and other implements for performing this procedure are available commercially from suppliers such as Smith & Nephew, Memphis, Tenn.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of a Composition Comprising a Solution of PDGF and a Biocompatible Matrix

A composition comprising a solution of PDGF and a biocompatible matrix was prepared according to the following procedure.

A pre-weighed block of biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles was obtained. The β-TCP comprised pure β-TCP particles having an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. A β-TCP biocompatible matrix can be commercially obtained from Kensey Nash (Exton, Pa.).

A solution comprising rhPDGF-BB was obtained. rhPDGF-BB is commercially available from Chiron Corporation at a stock concentration of 10 mg/ml (i.e., Lot # QA2217) in a sodium acetate buffer. The rhPDGF-BB is produced in a yeast expression system by Chiron Corporation and is derived from the same production facility as the rhPDGF-BB that is utilized in the products REGRANEX, (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, N.J.) and GEM 21S (BioMimetic Therapeutics, Franklin, Tenn.) which has been approved for human use by the United States Food and Drug Administration. This rhPDGF-BB is also approved for human use in the European Union and Canada. The rhPDGF-BB solution was diluted to 0.3 mg/ml in the acetate buffer. The rhPDGF-BB solution can be diluted to any desired concentration according to embodiments of the present invention, including 1.0 mg/ml.

A ratio of about 91 μl of rhPDGF-BB solution to about 100 mg dry weight of the β-TCP biocompatible matrix was used to produce the composition. The rhPDGF-BB solution was expelled on the biocompatible matrix with a syringe.

EXAMPLE 5 Method of Treating a Fracture of the Distal Radius

Experimental Design and Overview

This multicenter study was performed to evaluate the handling characteristics and clinical utility (i.e. performance, radiographic parameters) of β-TCP+rhPDGF-BB for the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures that require an open reduction and external fixation (OREF) or internal fixation with a volar plate (ORIF).

Subjects who experienced a primary unstable fracture that was initially reduced under emergent conditions and loss of reduction were assessed for study enrollment. Each subject had a physical exam that incorporated a medical history and fracture etiology.

The subject's distal radius (DR) fracture was reduced intraoperatively and reclassified to determine if the fracture morphology was consistent with the preoperative fracture classification. If the intraoperative classification was different than the preoperative classification, this was noted on the intraoperative case report form (CRF). The subject was not enrolled into the study if the surgeon determined intraoperatively that the fracture did not meet the fracture enrollment criteria or the fracture could not be adequately reduced and stabilized according to the protocol.

The Treatment Groups of the Study were as Follows:

Group I (Experimental): OREF or ORIF (volar plate) with β-TCP+rhPDGF-BB (0.3 mg/ml) bone graft

Group II (Control): OREF or ORIF (volar plate) without graft material

Nineteen (19) subjects participated in the study with 10 placed in Group I and 9 placed in Group II. The average age of the subjects was 65 and all were women.

All subjects were immobilized postoperatively with a standard external fixator or volar plate, according to standard of care. The external fixator or the fiberglass cast was removed at the investigator's discretion based on the fracture healing assessment (recommended between 3 and 8 weeks post-operatively), and the date of removal of the immobilization was recorded. The subject was examined by the surgeon and certified hand therapist at 7-14 days, 3, 4, 5, and 9 weeks, and at 3 and 6 months for clinical, radiographic and computed tomography (CT; as required by protocol), and functional assessments, as well as complications and/or device related adverse events. The investigator may have requested the subjects to be evaluated for up to 24 months postoperatively to continue monitoring progress. Continuing follow-up was discussed with the subjects during the six month follow-up visit, and appropriate data was collected by the Investigator and reported to the Sponsor. All over-the-counter and prescribed medication usage was recorded. Each subject completed a Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Quality of Life assessment that evaluates a subject's ability to perform both fine and gross motor functions in addition to other activities.

Clinical and functional assessments consisted of a hand assessment that involved a comparison of the subject's unaffected (normal) limb to the affected limb. Three consecutive grip strength measures were performed with a Jamar dynamometer, at the same grip setting (2nd rung recommended) and recorded. Range of motion (ROM) was measured consisting of pronation, supination, flexion and extension, and radial/ulnar deviation measured with a goniometer. The schedule for follow-up was noted in the Study Timeline Summary below (Table 10) and all sites attempted to keep the subject visits within the recommended visit windows. However, some subjects may not have been able to comply with all study visit windows due to scheduling conflicts related to the investigator's clinic days, physical therapy and/or radiology visits. The sponsor and/or investigator may have requested the subjects to be evaluated up to 24 months postoperatively, and the subjects were notified after their six month visit.

The surgeon performed radiographic assessments (as required by protocol) to monitor fracture healing. An independent radiographic and CT assessment was performed by a designated musculoskeletal radiologist(s) who assessed these radiographic parameters for healing. These fracture healing measurements were documented on the CRF and analyzed for fracture healing by an independent musculoskeletal radiologist according to the statistical analysis plan.

All postoperative complications and device-related adverse events were recorded on the appropriate CRF. If a subject required re-reduction or another surgical procedure for a serious adverse event or the device was removed, the subject continued to be monitored for safety until the end of the study. All subjects were monitored during the six-month trial and any subject who requesting study withdrawal or was withdrawn by the investigator was requested to provide a reason for study discontinuance.

TABLE 9 Study Timeline Summary Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 3 Visit 4 Visit 5 Visit 6 Visit 7 Visit 8 Visit 9 Screening Surgical Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Visit Visit Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up ↓ ↓ Within 12 Within 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Days of Days of Fracture Fracture Day 0 Day 7-14 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 9 Week 12 Week 24 ±3 days ±3 days ±3 days ±7 days ±14days ±14 days

The primary endpoint of the present study was grip strength measured as a percent relative to the contralateral arm. Secondary semi-quantitative radiographic endpoints included assessment of fracture healing including callus formation (primary and secondary), presence of fracture gaps between fragments, healing callus in peripheral cortex, healing callus bridging subchondral bone, presence of heterotopic bone formation, and an overall assessment of new bone fill within fracture gaps (% bone fill) Secondary quantitative measurements included axial radial shortening, radial angle, dorsal angle, distal radioulnar joint incongruity, and radiocarpal incongruity. Moreover, secondary clinical functional endpoints comprised time to removal of fiberglass cast, Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Test, edema, pain, quality of life assessment (DASH), and range of motion including pronation, supination, flexion, extension, and radial/ulnar deviation.

Surgical Protocol: After subjects enrolled in the study, satisfying both the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the following surgical protocol was undertaken.

Open Reduction and External Fixation Standard PA, lateral, and oblique (45°) plain radiographs of the affected and unaffected wrists were obtained prior to surgery. Fractures were classified using the AO and Frykman distal radius fracture systems. Plain PA and lateral radiographs of the opposite wrist were obtained prior to treatment.

Patients were brought into an operating room (OR) in the standard fashion to treat distal radius fractures with open reduction and external fixation after verification that all inclusion/exclusion criteria have been achieved.

All patients were given adequate preoperative anesthesia with either regional block or general anesthesia administered by the hand surgeon or plastic surgeon and/or anesthesiologist. All patients were given preoperative antibiotics intravenously according to standard procedures.

The affected limb was prepped and draped in the usual standard manner. The arm was exsanguinated of blood and tourniquet control was used for surgery. Standard OREF approach to the distal radius was accomplished. A dorsal small incision was made that allows access to the fracture site according to standard bone grafting procedures associated with external fixation.

The external fixator was placed according to standard procedures prior to reduction. The external fixator was locked in a suitable fracture position according to standard external fixation procedures.

Under direct visualization, fracture fragments were reduced either manually or with K-wires for joysticks. Provisional fixation was accomplished. Intraoperative radiographs were obtained to determine the adequacy of reduction (fluoroscans were acceptable). If adequate, a commercially available external fixator was placed using standard operative fixation procedures. If adequate reduction and stabilization was not obtained using an external fixator, additional pins (K-wires) were used to achieve adequate reduction. If the fracture was unable to be reduced with additional fixation instrumentation (such as plates) the patient was excluded from the study. In such cases, these subjects were defined as screen failures and not enrolled into the study, since the study device was not implanted.

Once the patient was verified to meet all study criteria, the randomization envelope was selected and the appropriate treatment documented and administered (Group I or Group II).

Reduction Verification: Intraoperative spot films were taken, at the discretion of the surgeon, to determine the adequacy of reduction. Attempts were made to reduce the fracture to original volar tilt (in relation to the contralateral side); however, restoration of the volar inclination to a neutral position was deemed acceptable. Evaluation of intraoperative films were restricted to assessment of the adequacy of reduction and were not viewed by the radiologist to determine quantitative or semi-quantitative outcomes.

Following fixation and reduction, the wound was irrigated prior to implantation and the β-TCP+rhPDGF-BB was mixed according to Example I and manually packed into the fracture space before final reduction or after reduction since there were spaces or voids following reduction and irrigation. For the purpose of this study, adequate fill was defined as filling the fracture space to extend to but not beyond the margins of the fracture and its defect.

The β-TCP+rhPDGF-BB graft material was implanted according to standard bone grafting procedures. The material was implanted prior to, during, or following reduction and external fixation at the investigator's discretion based on the stabilization technique associated with the fracture.

The graft was constructed to fill comminuted fracture spaces via interdigitation within comminuted cancellous bone, both dorsally, distally and proximally. The degree of fill required varied from less than 2 mm to as much as 2 cm depending on the amount of bone involved.

Care was taken to ensure that the hydrated graft particles did not migrate into articular spaces. Residual particles were carefully removed from surrounding soft tissue prior to closure. The surgical site was not irrigated following placement of the graft material.

Once the implant materials were mixed, the clinician waited 10 minutes prior to implantation. Sometimes, the mixed product was wet with the remaining rhPDGF-BB. A new sterile mixing device (spatula) was used for each mix. The investigator directed the assistant who performed the mixing to record the cumulative amount of implanted β-TCP containing PDGF, as well as the residual amount of β-TCP not implanted. The amount of β-TCP was calculated and documented using qualitative relative measurements (⅓, ⅔, All). The residual β-TCP was placed in a medicine cup to record the residual volume of β-TCP which was used to determine an accurate volume of β-TCP implanted.

After OREF and implantation of the graft material and wound closure was complete, postoperative AP, lateral, oblique and 30 degree articular surface view films of the fracture site were obtained prior to completing the surgery according to standard procedure.

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation with Volar Plate—Alternative Surgical Procedure: Standard PA, lateral, and oblique (45°) plain radiographs of the affected and unaffected wrists were obtained prior to surgery. Fractures were classified using the AO distal radius fracture systems. Plain PA and lateral radiographs of the opposite wrist were also obtained prior to treatment.

Patients were brought into an operating room (OR) in to treat distal radius fractures with open reduction and internal fixation after verification that all inclusion/exclusion criteria were achieved.

All patients were given adequate preoperative anesthesia with either regional block or general anesthesia administered by the hand surgeon or plastic surgeon and/or anesthesiologist. All patients were given preoperative antibiotics intravenously according to standard procedures.

The affected limb was prepped and draped in the usual standard manner. The arm was exsanguinated of blood and tourniquet control was used for surgery. Standard anterior approach to the distal radius was accomplished. All flexor tendons and neurovascular structures, including the median nerve, were protected during the surgery. The flexor pollicis longus was retracted and/or elevated and the pronator teres muscle was detached from the anterior portion of the distal radius. Based on the amount of displacement and/or comminution, an extended distal radius fracture approach including release of the brachioradialis was employed.

Under direct visualization, fracture fragments were reduced either manually or with K-wires for joysticks. Provisional fixation was accomplished. Intraoperative radiographs were obtained to determine the adequacy of reduction (fluoroscans were acceptable). If adequate, a commercially available volar plate was placed using standard operative plating procedures. If adequate reduction and internal stabilization was unable to be obtained using a volar plate, additional pins (K-wires) were used to achieve adequate reduction. If the fracture was unable to be reduced with additional fixation instrumentation (such as dorsal plates) the patient was excluded from the study.

Once the patient was verified to meet all study criteria, the randomization envelope was selected and the appropriate treatment documented and administered (treatment or control).

Reduction Verification: Intraoperative spot films were taken, at the discretion of the surgeon, to determine the adequacy of reduction. Attempts were made to reduce the fracture to original volar tilt (in relation to the contralateral side); however, restoration of the volar inclination to a neutral position was deemed acceptable. Evaluation of intraoperative films was restricted to assessment of the adequacy of reduction and was not viewed by the radiologist to determine quantitative or semi-quantitative outcomes.

ORIF with volar plate+β-TCP/rhPDGF-BB: In Group I, the fracture was reduced and the volar plate was fixated in the identical manner as noted above. Following fixation, the wound was irrigated prior to implantation, and the β-TCP/rhPDGF-BB material was mixed according to Example and manually packed into the fracture space before final reduction or after reduction since there were spaces or voids following reduction and irrigation. For the purpose of this study, adequate fill was defined as filling the fracture space to extend to but not beyond the margins of the fracture and its defect.

β-TCP/rhPDGF-BB graft material was implanted according to standard bone grafting procedures. The material was implanted prior to, during, or following reduction and internal fixation at the investigator's discretion based on the stabilization technique associated with the fracture.

The graft was mixed to fill comminuted fracture spaces via interdigitation within comminuted cancellous bone, both dorsally, distally and proximally. The volume of fill required varied from less than 2 mm to as much as 2 cm depending on the size of the bone void.

Care was taken to ensure that β-TCP/rhPDGF-BB graft material did not migrate into articular spaces. Residual graft material was carefully removed from surrounding soft tissue prior to closure. The surgical site was not irrigated following placement of the β-TCP/rhPDGF-BB graft material.

Once the implant materials were mixed, the clinician waited 10 minutes prior to implantation. Sometimes the mixed product was wet with the remaining rhPDGF-BB. A new sterile mixing device (spatula) was used for each mix. The investigator directed the assistant who performed the mixing to record the cumulative amount of implanted graft material, as well as the residual amount of graft material not implanted. The amount of graft material was calculated and documented using qualitative relative measurements (⅓, ⅔, All). The residual graft material was placed in a medicine cup to record the residual volume of graft material, which was used to determine an accurate volume of graft material implanted.

After ORIF and administration of the β-TCP/rhPDGF-BB material and wound closure was complete, postoperative AP, lateral, oblique and 30 degree articular surface view films of the fracture site were obtained prior to splinting according to standard procedure. Outcome data was collected from this study on findings derived from radiographs, CTs and from direct examination of extremity function. The frequency of these measurements is illustrated in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Frequency of Radiographic and Functional Assessments Radiographic Parameters Semi- Functional Assessments Quantitative Quantitative Range Radiographic Radiographic Reduction of Grip Event Parameters Parameters Verficication Motion Strength Pain DASH Perioperative Prior to X X Fracture Treatment Management After Fracture X Reduction During X Implantation Post X Reduction /Implantation Prior to Fixation Immediately X X Post-Fixation Management of Day 7-14 X X X X X X Injured Extremity Week 3 X X X X X X Week 4 X X X X X X Week 5 X X X X X X Week 9   X±   X± X X X X Week 12 X X X X X X Week 24 X X X X X X

The results of the study indicated that treating distal radius fractures with compositions of the present invention comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a β-TCP matrix accelerated healing while leading to greater grip strengths by the 24^(th) week of the study. Table 11 provides a comparison of grip strengths between subjects of Group I and Group II at various timepoints in the study.

TABLE 11 Grip Strength (% of Contralateral) Timepoint Group I Group II Week 6  13 13 Week 12 41 44 Week 24 66 62

Moreover, Table 12 demonstrates a comparison of new bone fill within distal radius fracture gaps between subjects of Group I and Group II as a function of time.

TABLE 12 Assessment of New Bone Fill within Fracture Gaps >50% New Bone Fill Within Fracture Gap Timepoint Group I Group II Week 1  0/7 (0%)  0/9 (0%)  Week 3  4/9 (44%)  1/9 (11%) Week 6  9/9 (100%) 5/9 (56%) Week 12 9/9 (100%) 8/9 (89%) Week 24 9/9 (100%) 8/9 (89%)

From the results provided in Table 12, each subject of Group I achieved greater than 50% new bone fill within the fracture gap of the distal radius in substantially less time than the subjects of Group II. The accelerated healing in subjects of Group I is encouraging for compromised patients, including the elderly, smokers, drinkers, diabetics, patients with poor circulation, and patients suffering from bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

Additionally, Table 13 provides a comparison of fractures clinically healed between Groups I and II.

TABLE 13 Assessment of Clinically Healed Fractures Fractures Clinically Healed Timepoint Group I Group II Week 6  9/10 (90%) 9/9 (100%) Week 12  9/10 (90%) 8/9 (89%) Week 24 10/10 (100%) 9/9 (100%)

As provided in Table 13, each fracture treated with a composition of the present invention was determined to be clinically healed.

The results of the study additionally indicated that application of compositions of the present invention to fractures of the distal radius did not result in ectopic bone formation or substantial inflammation of the surgical area.

EXAMPLE 6 Method of Inhibiting Secondary Vertebral Compression Fractures

Experimental Design and Overview

This prospective, randomized, controlled, single-center clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of compositions comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a tricalcium phosphate matrix for inhibiting secondary compression fractures in high risk vertebral bodies (HVBs) at the time of kyphoplasty of vertebral compression fractures. Comparisons are made between the control composition (β-tricalcium phosphate+sodium acetate buffer alone) and the experimental composition (β-tricalcium phosphate+rhPDGF-BB in sodium acetate). Therefore, the present study is a pilot, clinical trial to support the proof-or-principle of β-TCP+rh-PDGF-BB to prevent or decrease the likelihood of secondary vertebral compression fractures by increased bone formation in HVBs.

The study is performed on up to a total of 10 subjects requiring prophylacetic treatment of HVBs at the time of kyphoplasty. Each subject receives the control and experimental formulations as defined above.

Potential subjects are screened to determine if they meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria If all entry criteria are achieved, the potential subjects are invited to participate in the clinical trial. All subjects considered for entry into the study are documented on the Screening Log and reasons for exclusion are recorded.

All subjects have undergone kyphoplasty and do not have a symptomatic VCF adjacent to the two vertebral bodies treated in this study. The subject is not to be enrolled into the study if the surgeon determines intraoperatively that the fracture does not meet the fracture enrollment criteria or other fractures exist that would preclude treatment in this protocol.

The Treatment Groups are:

Group I: Injectable β-TCP+sodium acetate buffer (control); and,

Group II: Injectable β-TCP+rhPDGF-BB (experimental)

-   -   0.1 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB (Subjects 1-5)     -   0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB (Subjects 6-10)*     -   1.0 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB (Subjects 11-15)* *Following completion of         first post-operative follow-up visit with no adverse events         attributable to the study device.

Both subject groups I and II are treated according to the standard protocols and follow-up for kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty. The subject is examined by the surgeon at 7-14 days, and at 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks for clinical, radiographic and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). All over-the-counter and prescribed medication usage is recorded. An independent radiologist, unaware of the patients' treatment group assignments, performs QCT analysis to assess bone density. These measurements are documented and analyzed.

All postoperative complications and device-related adverse events are recorded on the appropriate case report form. If a subject experiences a subsequent VCF during the study period or another surgical procedure for a serious adverse event or the investigational device is removed, the subject is monitored for safety until the end of the study. Those subjects who are re-operated and/or have the fracture fixation hardware removed are requested to give permission to examine the explants for histological purposes. All subjects are monitored during the 12-month trial and any subject who requests study withdrawal or is withdrawn by the investigator is requested to provide a reason for study discontinuance. Table 14 provides a timeline summary for the present study.

TABLE 14 Study Timeline Survey Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 3 Visit 4 Visit 5 Visit 6 Visit 7 Screening Surgical Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Post Tx Visit Visit Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up Follow Up ↓ ↓ Within 21 Within 21 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Days of Days of Surgery Screening Day 0 Day 7-14 Week 6 Week 12 Week 24 Week 52 ±3 days ±7 days ±7 days ±14 days

The primary endpoint is the bone density at 12 weeks post-operatively measured by QCT scans. Secondary endpoints include subject pain and quality of life assessments.

Surgical Protocol: After subjects have been enrolled in the study, satisfying both the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the following surgical protocol is undertaken.

Patients are brought into an operating room (OR) in the standard fashion, and standard methods are used to perform the kyphoplasty procedure with methyl methacrylate cement augmentation of the fractured vertebral body. Standard radiographs are taken of the vertebral bodies treated with kyphoplasty and with preventative bone augmentation treatment.

Following the kyphoplasty treatment, the investigator identifies and qualifies the two levels to be treated with prophylacetic bone augmentation. If two (2) qualified vertebral bodies are not available for treatment, as determined at the time of surgery, the subject is considered a screen failure and not enrolled into the study.

Upon identification of the two HVBs, the investigator requests that the randomization code be opened to determine the study treatment administered. The randomization code specifies treatment with the experimental composition (Group II) either proximally or distally in relation to the level treated with kyphoplasty. The other HVB is treated with the control composition (Group I)

The experimental composition is mixed according to the procedure provided in Example 1. The concentration of rhPDGF-BB used is dependent upon the dose escalation scheme (subjects 01-05 are administered 0.15 mg/ml rhPDGF; subjects 06-10 are administered 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB, and subjects 11-15 are administered 1.0 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB)

Once mixed, the paste is loaded into a syringe for injection using aseptic technique. The syringes are clearly labeled with provided labels: “Experimental” or “Control”. Once the experimental and control matrix materials are mixed, the clinician waits 10 minutes prior to implantation. A new sterile mixing device (spatula) is used for each mix. The investigator directs the assistant who performs the mixing to record the cumulative amount of implanted composition, as well as the residual amount of composition not implanted. The amount of composition is calculated and documented using qualitative relative measurements (⅓, ⅔, All).

An 8 to 16 gauge JAMSHIDI® available from Cardinal Health of Dublin, Ohio is inserted through an extrapedicular approach into the vertebral bodies requiring prophylacetic treatment. The wire is passed through the JAMSHIDI® and the JAMSHIDI® through the stylet over the wire The appropriate mixed preparation is injected into the subject vertebral body. Care should be taken to minimize leakage of the paste outside of the vertebral body.

Contrast agents, according to embodiments of the present invention, can assist in identifying the leakage of the paste outside the vertebral body. FIG. 6 illustrates a syringe and related apparatus penetrating tissue overlaying a vertebral body to deliver a composition of the present invention to the vertebral body. FIG. 7 is a radiograph illustrating injection of a composition of the present invention into the vertebral body of the L3 vertebra according to one embodiment.

The instrumentation is removed. Thorough irrigation and standard wound closure techniques are employed.

Follow-up Evaluations: Subjects are seen for post-operative evaluations at days 7-14, and at 6 (±3 days), 12 (±7 days), 24 (±7 days), and 52 (±14 days) weeks post-surgery. Routine evaluations and procedures are performed during the follow-up period, as specified in the study flowchart of Table 15 below.

TABLE 15 Study Flow Chart and Follow-up Assessments Post-Treatment Follow-up Evaluations Surgery Visit Visit Visit Visit Screening Visit Visit 4 5 6 7 Visit 2 3 Week 6 Week 12 Week 24 Week 52 Procedure 1 Day 0 Day 7-14 ±3 Days ±7 Days ±7 Days ±14 Days Informed Consent  X¹ Screening Log X Medical History X Physical Examination of Spine X X X X X X X Subject Eligibility Criteria X X Verification Identification of High-Risk X Vertebral Bodies Randomization X Kyphoplasty and Preventative X Bone Augmentation Volume of Graft Material X Placed Qualitative CT Assessments² X X X X Adverse Events/ X X X X X X Complications Concomitant Medications X X X X X X X Review ¹Must occur prior to any study-specific procedures. ²Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) is performed according to standard protocol to obtain BMD data which is determined by the designated musculoskeletal radiologist. Assessment of Effectiveness

Outcome data is collected from this study on findings derived from radiographs, QCTs, and from direct examination of function. The schedule of these measurements is provided in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Frequency of Radiographic and Functional Assessments Study Parameters Plain film Qualitative CT Timepoint radiographs Scans Pain Function Prior to Treatment X X X X Immediately X Post-Treatment Day 7-14 X Week 6  X X X X Week 12 X X X X Week 24 X X X X Week 52 X X X X

Vertebral bodies injected with a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a β-tricalcium phosphate matrix are expected to display increased bone mineral density (BMD). Increased bone mineral density in a vertebral body can render the vertebral body less susceptible to fractures including secondary fractures induced by kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty operations.

EXAMPLE 7 Method of Inhibiting Vertebral Compression Fractures in Osteoporotic Individuals

A method of inhibiting vertebral compression fractures in osteoporotic individuals comprises promoting bone formation in vertebral bodies through treatment with compositions comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix such as β-tricalcium phosphate.

Compositions of the present invention are mixed in accordance with that provided in Example 1. The concentration of PDGF in the PDGF solutions ranges from 0.3 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml. Once mixed, the composition is loaded into a syringe for injection using aseptic technique. The surgeon waits 10 minutes prior to implantation. A new sterile mixing device (spatula) is used for each mix.

The JAMSHIDI® is inserted through an extrapedicular approach into the vertebral bodies requiring prophylacetic treatment. Vertebral bodies requiring prophylacetic treatment, in some embodiments, comprise high risk vertebral bodies including vertebral bodies T5 through T12 and L1 through L4. The wire is passed through the Jamshidi and the Jamshidi through the stylet over the wire The appropriate mixed preparation is injected into the subject vertebral body. Care is taken to minimize leakage of the paste outside of the vertebral body. A plurality of vertebral bodies are treated according to the present example. Osteoporotic patients receiving this treatment have a lower incidence of vertebral compression fractures than untreated osteoporotic patients.

EXAMPLE 8 Evaluation of the Chronic Safety of rh-PDGF-BB Combined with Collagen/β-tricalcium Phosphate Matrix in a Rabbit Paravertebral Implant Model

Experimental Design and Overview: This study evaluated the safety of implanting injectable rhPDGF-BB/collagen/β-TCP material in a paravertebral intramuscular site adjacent to the spine of rabbits. The animals were observed for signs of neurotoxicity, and the implant sites with adjacent vertebral bodies and spinal cord were examined histologically to document tissue-specific responses to the material.

The study protocol and animal care was approved by the local IACUC and conducted according to AAALAC guidelines. Twelve (12) naïve, female, albino New Zealand rabbits weighing ≧2.5 kg were assigned to one of 4 groups: 0.3 mg/ml PDGF; 1.0 mg/ml PDGF; rubber; or acetate buffer. PDGF treated rabbits received 0.2 cc implants of appropriately concentrated rhPDGF-BB in matrix injected into a 1 cm pocket in the right paravertebral muscle adjacent to the L4-L5 vertebral bodies while high density polyethylene (HDPE) was implanted in a similar incision in the left paravertebral muscles near L2-L3 of the same animals. Rabbits in the sodium acetate buffer group received sodium acetate buffer in place of the PDGF+matrix implant, while those in the rubber group received only rubber in the right paravertebral muscle. One rabbit in each group was sacrificed at 30, 90, and 180 days post-surgery.

Body weights were measured prior to surgery and biweekly following surgery for the duration of the study. Radiographs were taken prior to surgery, immediately following surgery, and immediately prior to sacrifice. Digital photography of the surgical sites was performed during surgery and at the study end points. Weekly clinical observations of the implant sites were recorded for signs of erythema, edema, and inflammation and for signs of neurotoxicity, such as ambulatory changes. At necropsy, each implant site along with the adjacent vertebral body and spinal cord were harvested en bloc, fixed in formalin, and prepared for decalcified, paraffin embedded histopathological analysis.

Materials: The dosages of rhPDGF-BB tested in this study included 0.3 mg/ml and 1.0 mg/ml in 20 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 6.0+/−0.5. The matrix material consisted of 20% lyophilized bovine type I collagen and 80% β-TCP with a particle size of 100-300 μm (Kensey Nash Corporation). Negative control material consisted of high-density polyethylene (HDPE and positive control material consisted of black rubber. Immediately prior to surgery, the rhPDGF-BB and control solutions were mixed with matrix material in a 3:1 liquid to mass ratio.

Briefly, the PDGF solution was allowed to saturate the material for 2 minutes then manually mixed to generate a paste-like consistency. The homogeneous distribution of rhPDGF-BB throughout the mixed material using this mixing technique was confirmed by eluting the PDGF from samples of similar mass and then quantifying the PDGF by ELISA (R&D Systems).

Results: Following manual mixing of 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB with the collagen/β-TCP matrix, the homogeneity of rhPDGF-BB throughout the mixed material was confirmed within +/−4% error across samples.

All animals recovered from surgery, and at the time of this writing, all clinical observations were reported to be normal with no signs of neurotoxicity or abnormal wound healing at the surgical sites. Two animals treated with sodium acetate buffer and matrix control exhibited minor scabbing at the surgical wounds which healed completely. One animal that received 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB exhibited slight erythema at the surgical site 3-4 days after surgery and then returned to normal appearance. A histopathological analysis of test article implant sites 29 days post-surgery indicated a mild amount of tissue in-growth into the implanted test materials and a mild inflammatory response. No ectopic or abnormal bone formation was observed in the vertebral bodies adjacent to the implant sites. These findings are summarized in Table 17 and compared with ratings for negative control HDPE implant sites.

TABLE 17 Summary of Histopathology Findings at Implant Sites 29 Days After Surgery [PDGF-BB] Ectopic (mg/ml) Macrophages MGCs Tissue In-growth Bone Exostosis 0.3 3, 1(NC) 2, 0(NC) 2, 0(NC) 0, 0(NC) 0, 0(NC) 1.0 2, 2(NC) 2, 0(NC) 2, 0(NC) 0, 0(NC) 0, 0(NC) NC = Negative Control; MGC = multinucleated giant cells; Bioreactivity scale: 0 = Absent, 1 = Minimal/Slight, 2 = Mild, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Marked/Severe

Preliminary evidence from this study based on clinical observations, suggests that collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate combined with either 1.0 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB, or sodium acetate buffer does not elicit any acute or chronic neurotoxic effects. Histopathological assessment of the implant sites 29 days post-surgery indicated a normal and expected mild amount of tissue in-growth into the implanted material and a mild inflammatory response. No ectopic bone formation, exostosis, or abnormal bone resorption was observed at any of the implant sites. Based on observations of the animals treated in this study, collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate combined with either 1.0 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB is safe to use when injected in close proximity to the spinal column.

All patents, publications and abstracts cited above are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. It should be understood that the foregoing relates only to preferred embodiments of the present invention and that numerous modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims. 

1. A method of treating an impaired bone to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone comprising: applying a composition to the impaired bone, wherein the composition consists of a matrix having incorporated therein a liquid consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml in a buffer, the matrix is porous calcium phosphate, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores, the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than 40%, and the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 5 mm.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the impaired bone is a fractured bone, a diseased bone, a weakened bone, or a bone susceptible to damage due to increased load.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the diseased bone is a diseased vertebra.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the diseased bone is an osteoporotic bone.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity of greater than 50%.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the PDGF is at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bone is a humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, a bone of the ankle, a bone of the wrist, a bone of the hindfoot, carpal, metacarpal, phalangeal, tarsal, metatarsal, rib, sternum, vertebra, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, a craniofacial bone, or sacrum.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying the composition to the impaired bone comprises: applying the composition to orthopedic hardware; and inserting the orthopedic hardware into the bone.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the PDGF is PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, or PDGF-DD, or a mixture thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the PDGF is rhPDGF-BB or a fragment thereof.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium phosphate has a calcium/phosphorous atomic ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0.
 12. The method of claim 1, where the calcium phosphate is β-tricalcium phosphate.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 3000 μm.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 2000 μm.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 1000 μm.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid has a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 8.0.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid is formed by solubilizing lyophilized PDGF in water, wherein prior to solubilization the PDGF is lyophilized from an appropriate buffer.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.2 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL in a buffer.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.25 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL in a buffer.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is resorbable such that at least 80% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within one year of being implanted.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the incorporated liquid is adsorbed or absorbed to the calcium phosphate.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 65% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 75% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the matrix's own weight.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 50% of the matrix's own weight.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 200% of the matrix's own weight.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 300% of the matrix's own weight.
 28. A method of treating an impaired bone to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone comprising: applying a composition to the impaired bone, wherein the composition consists of a matrix having incorporated therein a liquid consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml in a buffer, the matrix is porous calcium phosphate, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores, the composition has a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the composition, and the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 5 mm.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said porosity is macroporosity.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein said porosity consists of porous calcium phosphate particles having a porosity greater than 40%.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity of greater than 50%.
 32. The method of claim 28, wherein the impaired bone is a fractured bone, a diseased bone, a weakened bone, or a bone susceptible to damage due to increased load.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the diseased bone is a diseased vertebra.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the diseased bone is an osteoporotic bone.
 35. The method of claim 28, wherein the PDGF is at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 36. The method of claim 28, wherein the bone is a humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, a bone of the ankle, a bone of the wrist, a bone of the hindfoot, carpal, metacarpal, phalangeal, tarsal, metatarsal, rib, sternum, vertebra, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, a craniofacial bone, or sacrum.
 37. The method of claim 28, wherein the step of applying the composition to the impaired bone comprises: applying the composition to orthopedic hardware; and inserting the orthopedic hardware into the bone.
 38. The method of claim 28, wherein the PDGF is PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, or PDGF-DD, or a mixture thereof.
 39. The method of claim 28, wherein the PDGF is rhPDGF-BB or a fragment thereof.
 40. The method of claim 28, wherein the calcium phosphate has a calcium/phosphorous atomic ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0.
 41. The method of claim 28, where the calcium phosphate is β-tricalcium phosphate.
 42. The method of claim 28, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 3000 μm.
 43. The method of claim 28, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 2000 μm.
 44. The method of claim 28, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 1000 μm.
 45. The method of claim 28, wherein the liquid has a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 8.0.
 46. The method of claim 28, wherein the liquid is formed by solubilizing lyophilized PDGF in water, wherein prior to solubilization the PDGF is lyophilized from an appropriate buffer.
 47. The method of claim 28, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.2 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL in a buffer.
 48. The method of claim 28, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.25 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL in a buffer.
 49. The method of claim 28, wherein the composition is resorbable such that at least 75% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within one year of being implanted.
 50. The method of claim 28, wherein the incorporated liquid is adsorbed or absorbed to the calcium phosphate.
 51. The method of claim 28, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the matrix's own weight.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 50% of the matrix's own weight.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 200% of the matrix's own weight.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 300% of the matrix's own weight.
 55. The method of claim 28, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 65% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 56. The method of claim 28, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 75% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 57. A method of treating an impaired bone to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone comprising: applying a composition to the impaired bone, wherein the composition consists of a matrix having incorporated therein a liquid consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml in a buffer, the matrix is porous calcium phosphate, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores, the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 5 mm, and the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the matrix's own weight.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the impaired bone is a fractured bone, a diseased bone, a weakened bone, or a bone susceptible to damage due to increased load.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the diseased bone is a diseased vertebra.
 60. The method of claim 58, wherein the diseased bone is an osteoporotic bone.
 61. The method of claim 58, wherein the PDGF is at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 62. The method of claim 57, wherein the bone is a humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, a bone of the ankle, a bone of the wrist, a bone of the hindfoot, carpal, metacarpal, phalangeal, tarsal, metatarsal, rib, sternum, vertebra, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, a craniofacial bone, or sacrum.
 63. The method of claim 57, wherein the step of applying the composition to the impaired bone comprises: applying the composition to orthopedic hardware; and inserting the orthopedic hardware into the bone.
 64. The method of claim 57, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 50% of the matrix's own weight.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 200% of the matrix's own weight.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 300% of the matrix's own weight.
 67. A method of treating an impaired bone to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone comprising: applying a composition to the impaired bone, wherein the composition consists of a matrix having incorporated therein a liquid consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml in a buffer, the matrix is porous calcium phosphate and collagen, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores, the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than 40%, and the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 5 mm.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the impaired bone is a fractured bone, a diseased bone, a weakened bone, or a bone susceptible to damage due to increased load.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the diseased bone is a diseased vertebra.
 70. The method of claim 68, wherein the diseased bone is an osteoporotic bone.
 71. The method of claim 67, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity of greater than 50%.
 72. The method of claim 67, wherein the PDGF is at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 73. The method of claim 67, wherein the bone is a humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, a bone of the ankle, a bone of the wrist, a bone of the hindfoot, carpal, metacarpal, phalangeal, tarsal, metatarsal, rib, sternum, vertebra, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, a craniofacial bone, or sacrum.
 74. The method of claim 67, wherein the step of applying the composition to the impaired bone comprises: applying the composition to orthopedic hardware; and inserting the orthopedic hardware into the bone.
 75. The method of claim 67, wherein the PDGF is PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, or PDGF-DD, or a mixture thereof.
 76. The method of claim 67, wherein the PDGF is rhPDGF-BB or a fragment thereof.
 77. The method of claim 67, wherein the calcium phosphate has a calcium/phosphorous atomic ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0.
 78. The method of claim 67, where the calcium phosphate is β-tricalcium phosphate.
 79. The method of claim 67, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 3000 μm.
 80. The method of claim 67, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 2000 μm.
 81. The method of claim 67, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 1000 μm.
 82. The method of claim 67, wherein the liquid has a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 8.0.
 83. The method of claim 67, wherein the liquid is formed by solubilizing lyophilized PDGF in water, wherein prior to solubilization the PDGF is lyophilized from an appropriate buffer.
 84. The method of claim 67, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.2 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL in a buffer.
 85. The method of claim 67, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.25 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL in a buffer.
 86. The method of claim 67, wherein the composition is resorbable such that at least 80% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within one year of being implanted.
 87. The method of claim 67, wherein the incorporated liquid is adsorbed or absorbed to the calcium phosphate.
 88. The method of claim 67, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 65% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 89. The method of claim 67, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 75% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 90. The method of claim 67, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the matrix's own weight.
 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 50% of the matrix's own weight.
 92. The method of claim 91, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 200% of the matrix's own weight.
 93. The method of claim 92, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 300% of the matrix's own weight.
 94. A method of treating an impaired bone to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone comprising: applying a composition to the impaired bone, wherein the composition consists of a matrix having incorporated therein a liquid consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml in a buffer, the matrix is porous calcium phosphate and collagen, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores, the composition has a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the composition, and the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 5 mm.
 95. The method of claim 94, wherein said porosity is macroporosity.
 96. The method of claim 94, wherein said porosity consists of porous calcium phosphate particles having a porosity greater than 40%.
 97. The method of claim 96, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity of greater than 50%.
 98. The method of claim 94, wherein the impaired bone is a fractured bone, a diseased bone, a weakened bone, or a bone susceptible to damage due to increased load.
 99. The method of claim 98, wherein the diseased bone is a diseased vertebra.
 100. The method of claim 98, wherein the diseased bone is an osteoporotic bone.
 101. The method of claim 94, wherein the PDGF is at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 102. The method of claim 94, wherein the bone is a humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, a bone of the ankle, a bone of the wrist, a bone of the hindfoot, carpal, metacarpal, phalangeal, tarsal, metatarsal, rib, sternum, vertebra, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, a craniofacial bone, or sacrum.
 103. The method of claim 94, wherein the step of applying the composition to the impaired bone comprises: applying the composition to orthopedic hardware; and inserting the orthopedic hardware into the bone.
 104. The method of claim 94, wherein the PDGF is PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, or PDGF-DD, or a mixture thereof.
 105. The method of claim 94, wherein the PDGF is rhPDGF-BB or a fragment thereof.
 106. The method of claim 94, wherein the calcium phosphate has a calcium/phosphorous atomic ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0.
 107. The method of claim 94, where the calcium phosphate is β-tricalcium phosphate.
 108. The method of claim 94, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 3000 μm.
 109. The method of claim 94, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 2000 μm.
 110. The method of claim 94, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 μm to about 1000 μm.
 111. The method of claim 94, wherein the liquid has a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 8.0.
 112. The method of claim 94, wherein the liquid is formed by solubilizing lyophilized PDGF in water, wherein prior to solubilization the PDGF is lyophilized from an appropriate buffer.
 113. The method of claim 94, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.2 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL in a buffer.
 114. The method of claim 94, wherein the liquid consists of PDGF at a concentration in a range of about 0.25 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL in a buffer.
 115. The method of claim 94, wherein the composition is resorbable such that at least 75% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within one year of being implanted.
 116. The method of claim 94, wherein the incorporated liquid is adsorbed or absorbed to the calcium phosphate.
 117. The method of claim 94, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the matrix's own weight.
 118. The method of claim 117, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 50% of the matrix's own weight.
 119. The method of claim 118, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 200% of the matrix's own weight.
 120. The method of claim 119, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 300% of the matrix's own weight.
 121. The method of claim 94, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 65% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 122. The method of claim 94, wherein the growth factor consists of rhPDGF-BB having at least 75% of intact rhPDGF-B chain.
 123. A method of treating an impaired bone to facilitate strengthening and healing of bone comprising: applying a composition to the impaired bone, wherein the composition consists of a matrix having incorporated therein a liquid consisting of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in a range of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml in a buffer, the matrix is porous calcium phosphate and collagen, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores, the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 μm to about 5 mm, and the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the matrix's own weight.
 124. The method of claim 123, wherein the impaired bone is a fractured bone, a diseased bone, a weakened bone, or a bone susceptible to damage due to increased load.
 125. The method of claim 124, wherein the diseased bone is a diseased vertebra.
 126. The method of claim 124, wherein the diseased bone is an osteoporotic bone.
 127. The method of claim 123, wherein the PDGF is at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 128. The method of claim 123, wherein the bone is a humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, a bone of the ankle, a bone of the wrist, a bone of the hindfoot, carpal, metacarpal, phalangeal, tarsal, metatarsal, rib, sternum, vertebra, scapula, clavicle, pelvis, a craniofacial bone, or sacrum.
 129. The method of claim 123, wherein the step of applying the composition to the impaired bone comprises: applying the composition to orthopedic hardware; and inserting the orthopedic hardware into the bone.
 130. The method of claim 123, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 50% of the matrix's own weight.
 131. The method of claim 130, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 200% of the matrix's own weight.
 132. The method of claim 131, wherein the matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of the liquid consisting of PDGF that is equal to at least about 300% of the matrix's own weight. 